AHPA Botanical Identity References Compendium - User contributions [en]

Lactuca virosa (leaf)

2014-08-20T02:10:47Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lactuca virosa'' (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Lactuca virosa''}}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Lactuca virosa
|authority=L.
|family=Asteraceae
|scn=wild lettuce
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=
|notes=The dried latex of L. virosa is known as lactucarium. }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media3 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Lactuca_virosa_Tropicos_100263601.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100263601
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100263601>

| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000815027
| image2=Lactuca_virosa_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000815027_379963.jpg

| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000815029
| image3=Lactuca_virosa_var._cruenta_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000815029_379965.jpg
| caption3=''Lactuca virosa'' var. ''cruenta''

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Lactuca_virosa_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption1=Large trichome found on the lower epidermis near the vein showing lignified cell observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2=Lactuca_virosa-1-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption2=Dark brown latex observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference= British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1996
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Wild Lettuce (leaf) (''Lactuca virosa'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Lactuca_virosa_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Lactuca virosa'' HPTLC ID - Natural Product Reagent + PEG UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=ethyl acetate: formic acid: glacial acetic acid: water [10/0.9/0.9/2]
| prep=0.3g+3mL CH3OH sonicate/heat @~50° C ~ 1/2 hr
| detection= Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 μL Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Hyperoside, Chlorogenic Acid ~ 0.1% in Methanol
# 3 μL ''Lactuca virosa''-1 (leaf)
# 3 μL ''Lactuca virosa''-2 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Lactuca virosa''-3 (leaf)
# 3 μL ''Lactuca virosa''-3 (leaf)
# 3 μL ''Lactuca virosa''-4 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Lactuca virosa''-5 (herb)
# 2 μL Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Hyperoside, Chlorogenic Acid ~ 0.1% in Methanol

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=Lactuca_virosa_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Ilex paraguariensis (leaf)

2014-08-20T02:07:06Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ilex paraguariensis'' (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Ilex paraguariensis''}}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Ilex paraguariensis
|authority=A. St.-Hil.
|family=Aquifoliaceae
|scn=mate
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=Paraguay tea; yerba mate
|notes= Ed. Note: The use of the accepted binomial nomenclature is generally considered to be a permissible option to the Standard Common Name in identifying botanical ingredients. In the case of the caffeine-containing Ilex paraguariensis however, it is recommended that the name "mate" be used on labeling of consumer products to avoid potential confusion. }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{media4 |cat=voucher

| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000588521
| mainimage=Ilex_paraguariensis_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000588521_244366.jpg

| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000588522
| image2=Ilex_paraguariensis_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000588522_244367.jpg

| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000588523
| image3=Ilex_paraguariensis_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000588523_244368.jpg

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000588520
| image4=Ilex_paraguariensis_var._paraguariensis_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000588520_244365.jpg
| caption4=''Ilex paranguariensis'' var. ''paraguariensis''

| }}

{{Media | cat=Voucher

| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000588526
| mainimage=Ilex_paraguariensis_var._vestita_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000588526_244373.jpg
| caption1=''Ilex paraguariensis'' var. ''vestita''
| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage= Ilex_paraguariensis_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=Lower epidermis showing actinocytic stomata observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2= Ilex_paraguariensis-1-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption2=Epidermis showing thick cell walls observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference= Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals, Max Wichtl, 3rd ed., 2004
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Yerba Mate (leaf) (''Ilex paraguariensis'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Ilex_paraguariensis_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Ilex paraguariensis'' HPTLC ID - Natural Product Reagent + PEG UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid: formic acid: water [10/1.1/1.1/2.4]
| prep=0.3 g + 3 ml CH3OH sonicate/heat @ 50° C ~ 1/2 hr
| detection=Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 μL Caffeine ~0.1% in CH3OH
# 3 μL ''Ilex paraguariensis''-1 (leaf)
# 3 μL ''Ilex paraguariensis''-2 (leaf)
# 3 μL ''Ilex paraguariensis''-3 (leaf)
# 3 μL ''Ilex paraguariensis''-3 (leaf)
# 3 μL ''Ilex paraguariensis''-4 (leaf)
# 3 μL ''Ilex paraguariensis''-5 (leaf)
# 4 μL Theobromine ~0.1% in CH3OH

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals, Max Wichtl, 3rd ed., 2004
| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Harpagophytum spp. (root)

2014-08-20T01:57:20Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Harpagophytum'' spp. (root)}} {{askbox|herb=''Harpagophytum'' spp.}}
=Nomenclature=

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{media4 |cat=voucher

| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000057627
| mainimage=Harpagophytum_procumbens_subsp._procumbens_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000057627_180053.jpg
| caption1=''Harpagophytum procumbens'' subsp. ''procumbens''

| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901661
| image2=Fraxinus_excelsior_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000901661_517288.jpg
| caption2=''Harpagophytum procumbens'' subsp. ''procumbens''

| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000058171
| image3=Harpagophytum_zeyheri_subsp._schijffii_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000058171_197600.jpg
| caption3=''Harpagophytum zeyheri'' subsp. ''schijffii''

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000057642
| image4=Harpagophytum_zeyheri_subsp._sublobatum_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000057642_180054.jpg
| caption4=''Harpagophytum zeyheri'' subsp. ''sublobatum''

| }}

{{Media | cat=Voucher

| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000058191
| mainimage=Harpagophytum_zeyheri_subsp._zeyheri_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000058191_197601.jpg
| caption1=''Harpagophytum zeyheri'' subsp. ''zeyheri''
| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=

=Microscopic Characteristics=

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Harpagophytum spp-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=Devil’s claw (root) HPTLC ID - Anisaldehyde reagent, white RT
| description=Devil’s claw (root) (''Harpagophytum procumbens'' and/or ''Harpagophytum zeyheri'')
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, methanol, water 77:15:8 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Heat 1.0 g of the powdered drug with 10 mL of methanol, sonicate on a water-bath at 60°C for 10 min. Centrifuge and reduce the filtered solution to 2 mL under reduced pressure at a temperature not exceeding 40°C.

Derivatization reagent: Anisaldehyde reagent, Preparation: 170 mL of ice-cooled methanol are mixed with 20 mL of glacial acetic acid, 10 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid and 1 mL of anisaldehyde, Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 3 min.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Heat 1.0 g of the powdered drug with 10 mL of methanol, sonicate on a water-bath at 60°C for 10 min. Centrifuge and reduce the filtered solution to 2 mL under reduced pressure at a temperature not exceeding 40°C.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# (4) 1 µL Devil’s claw root 1
# (5) '''2 µL Devil’s claw root 1'''
# (6) 4 µL Devil’s claw root 1
# (7) 2 µL Devil’s claw root 2
# (8) 2 µL Devil’s claw root 3 (old sample)
# (9) 2 µL Devil’s claw root 4 (old sample)
# (10) 2 µL Devil’s claw root 5 (old sample)
# (11) 5 µL Harpagoside
# (12) 5 µL Fructose

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: Harpagoside: brown zone at Rf ~ 0.44; Fructose: greenish zone at Rf ~ 0.14.

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a brown zone (Rf ~ 0.06) below the zone due to reference substance fructose. At the position of fructose there may be a greenish zone (see track 9). Above fructose there is an intense brown zone at Rf ~ 0.18, just above it a blue zone at Rf ~ 0.22 and at Rf ~ 0.32 a weak brown zone. An intense brown zone corresponding to harpagoside is seen at Rf ~ 0.44.

| }}

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />
[[Category:Botanical]]

Glycyrrhiza glabra (root)

2014-08-20T01:33:22Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher added

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''Glycyrrhiza glabra'' (root) }} {{askbox|herb=''Glycyrrhiza glabra''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Glycyrrhiza glabra
|authority=L.
|family=Fabaceae
|scn=licorice
|syn=
|ayurvedic=yashtimadhu
|pinyin=guang guo gan cao; gan cao (root & rhizome)
|aka=Russian licorice; Spanish licorice; Turkish licorice
|notes=}}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Glycyrrhiza glabra - Tropicos.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100253567
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif

| image2=Glycyrrhiza glabra - Botanical Liasons.png
| companyimage2=Botanical liasons logo.png
| companyURL2=http://www.BotanicalLiaisons.com
| source2=Trish Flaster, MSc, Botanical Liaisons, LLC

| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000118169
| image3=Glycyrrhiza_glabra_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000118169_105422.jpg

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000316299
| image4=Glycyrrhiza_glabra_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000316299_82175.jpg

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
| {{Organolepsy| source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd
| companyURL=http://www.naturalremedy.com/
| companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
| description='''Color:''' Unpeeled – yellowish or purplish brown to dark brown externally and yellowish internally. Peeled – pale yellow.}}

{{Organolepsy| source=American Herbal Products Association. March 2013. Organoleptic Analysis of Herbal Ingredients. AHPA: Silver Spring, MD
| companyURL=http://www.ahpa.org/
| description='''Aroma/Odor:''' Characteristic
'''Flavor/Taste:''' Sweet, sugary}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|

{{Macroscopy| source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd
| companyURL=http://www.naturalremedy.com/
| companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
| description="...Root nearly cylindrical up to 2 cm in diameter, externally wrinkled with patches of cork. Fracture, coarsely fibrous in bark and splintery in wood."}}

{| border=1
| || {{botcon |companyimage=Encyclopedia of Life logo.png
| companyURL=http://eol.org/data_objects/2447928 }} || {{botcon |companyimage=Encyclopedia of Life logo.png
| companyURL=http://eol.org/data_objects/24932881 }}
|-
| {{botimg |mainimage=G. glabra - Flora von Deutschland.jpg
|source=Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz- Otto Wilhelm Thomé (1885)}}
| {{botimg |mainimage=Glycyrrhiza glabra - foliage - eol.jpg
|caption1=Foliage
|source=Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/2447928}}
| {{botimg |mainimage=Glycyrrhiza glabra - inflorescence - eol.jpg
|caption1=Inflorescence
|source=Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/24932881}}
|}
{{Media2 |cat=Macroscopy
| source=PlantaPhile
| mainimage=PlantaPhile - 865.jpg
| companyimage=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL=http://plantaphile.com/
|
| source2=PlantaPhile
| image2=PlantaPhile_-_2590.jpg
| companyimage2=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL2=http://plantaphile.com/
| }}
{| border=1
| {{botcon |companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
| companyURL=http://www.naturalremedy.com/ }} || {{botcon |companyimage=Encyclopedia of Life logo.png
| companyURL=http://eol.org/data_objects/19163752 }}
|-
| {{botimg |mainimage=G. glabra - Dried Root - Quality Assessment of Selected IndianMedicinal Plants.png
|caption1=Dried Roots
|source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/}}
| {{botimg |mainimage=G. glabra - dried root - EOL 76628 orig.jpg
|caption1=Dried Roots 2
|source=Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/19163752}}
|}
|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|

{{Microscopy | source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd
| companyURL=http://www.naturalremedy.com/
| companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
| description="Transverse section of stolon more or less rounded. Phellem severeal layered with tabular cells; outer layers filled with reddish brown contents, inner colourless. Phellogen indistinct; phelloderm three to five layered, collenchymatous; some of the cells contain calcium oxalate and minute starch grains. Secondary phloem with numerous concentrically arranged bundles of phloem fibres and surrounded by a parenchymatous sheath containing prisms of calcium oxalate. Medullary rays distinct, bi-to multiseriate, parenchymatous, in continuation with those of xylem. The rays are narrower in xylem and wider in phloem region. Xylem consists of vessels, fibres and lignified wood parenchyma. The unpeeled drug shows the presence of polyhedral tubular brownish cork cells. In case of stolons, the pith is present and is parenchymatous. The root is characterized by the presence of tetrarch xylem and absence of pith.

 Powder: It shows plenty of starch grains, hexagonal crystals vessel elements are with reticulate wall pitting."}}

{{Microscopy | source=Hare, Caspari, Rusby. National Standard Dispensatory (1905)
| description="The powder is identified by (1.) The character and location of starch-grains and crystals; (2) the very numerous bast-fibers of peculiar appearance and the almost identical wood-fibers; (3) The peculiar sieve-tissue. The starch-grains are irregularly spheroidal, mostly solitary, and range from 1.5 ore 2 to 20 microns in diameter. They are contained in medullary-ray and parenchyma-cells, and are often associated in the same cell with the monoclinic prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, sometimes also with oil-gobules. The bast- and wood-fibers are yellow, thick-walled, and doubly pointed. Part of the sieve-tubes have their cavities nearly or quite obliterated by cell-wall thickening."}}

{| border=1
| {{botcon |companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
| companyURL=http://www.naturalremedy.com/ }} || {{botcon |companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
| companyURL=http://www.naturalremedy.com/ }} || {{botcon |companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
| companyURL=http://www.naturalremedy.com/ }}
|-
| {{botimg |mainimage=Glycyrrhiza Root - NR transverse section.JPG
|caption1=Transverse section
|source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/}}
| {{botimg |mainimage=Glycyrrhiza Powder microscopy-starch granules - NR.jpg
|caption1=Starch granules and hexagonal crystals in powder
|source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/}}
| {{botimg |mainimage=Glycyrrhiza Powder microscopy - vessels - NR.jpg
|caption1=Vessels with reticulate thickening in powder
|source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/}}
|}
|}

=High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Identification=
{| border=1
|

{{Botanical | source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd
| companyURL=http://www.naturalremedy.com/
| companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
|mainimage=G. glabra - ref standard p 97 - Quality Assessment of Selected IndianMedicinal Plants.png
|caption1=''G. glabra'' root
|image2=G._inflata_-_ref_standard_p_98_-_Quality_Assessment_of_Selected_IndianMedicinal_Plants.png
|caption2=''G. inflata'' root
|image3=G. uralensis - ref standard p 99 - Quality Assessment of Selected IndianMedicinal Plants.png
|caption3=''G. uralensis'' root
|
| description=Licorice (root) (''Glycyrrhiza glabra'')

'''Sample Preparations:'''
Extract 1.0 g of coarsely powdered Glycyrrhiza root in 50 mL of water by boiling for about 5 minutes, and filter. Repeat for 4-5 times or until the extract is colorless. Combine the extracts, concentrate to about 100 mL, and cool to room temperature. Before injection, filter through a membrane filter of 0.45-um or finer pore size, discarding the first 5 mL of the filtrate.

'''Column:''' C18, 25-cm x 4.6 mm, 5-um

'''Mobile Phase:''' 0.14 g of anhydrous potassium dihydrogen phosphate in 900 mL of water, add 0.5 mL phosphoric acid, mix, complete to volume with water, and mix (Solution A); and acetonitrile (Solution B)

'''Elution:''' Gradient program, see Table below

'''Flow rate:''' 1.5 mL/min

'''Detection:''' UV, 254 nm

'''Injection volume:''' 20 uL}}

'''Table: Gradient program'''
{| border=1
| Time (min) || Solution A (%) || Solution B (%)
|-
|0-18 || 95-55 || 5-45
|-
|18-25 || 55-20 || 45-80
|-
|25-28 || 20 || 80
|-
|28-35 || 20-55 || 80-45
|-
|35-40 || 55-95 || 45-5
|-
|40-45 || 95 || 5
|}
|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=HPTLC Glycyrrhiza glabra or Glycyrrhiza uralensis - hptlc - uv254.png
| caption1=''Glycyrrhiza glabra'' HPTLC ID - Developed, UV 366 nm
| description=Licorice (root) (''Glycyrrhiza glabra'')
| image2=HPTLC Glycyrrhiza glabra or Glycyrrhiza uralensis - hptlc - white RT.png
| caption2=''Glycyrrhiza glabra'' HPTLC ID - Developed, White RT
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 μL Ammonium glyccyrhizate
# 2 μL Glycyrrhizic acid
# 2 μL '''Licorice root 1 (''Glycyrrhiza glabra'')'''
# 2 μL '''Licorice root 2 (''Glycyrrhiza glabra'')'''
# 2 μL '''Licorice root 3 (''Glycyrrhiza glabra'')'''
# 2 μL '''Licorice root (''Glycyrrhiza glabra'')'''
| notes= 
'''Reference Standard Solution:''' 0.1 mg/mL ammonium glycyrrhizate in ethanol and water (7:3). Or 0.1 mg/mL glycyrrhizic acid in ethanol and water (7:3).

'''Reference Sample Preparations:''' Mix 0.5 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of ethanol and water (7:3, v/v), sonicate for 10 minutes, centrifuge or filter the solution, and use the supernatant / filtrate.

'''Stationary Phase:''' HPTLC, Silica gel 60 F254

'''Mobile Phase:''' Ethyl acetate, acetic acid, formic acid, water (15:1:1:2)

'''Development:''' Saturate chamber for 20 minutes; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge of the plate; relative humidity 33%, temperature 25°.

'''Derivatization reagent:''' Methanol sulfuric acid reagent- 180 mL of ice-cooled methanol are mixed with 20 mL of sulfuric acid.

'''Detection:'''
a. Examine under UV light at 254 nm
b. Dip (time 0, speed 5) in Derivatization reagent, heat at 100°C for 10 min, leave to cool, and examine under visible light.

'''Procedure:'''

''Reference Standard Solutions, Stationary Phase, Mobile Phase, Development, Derivatization reagent, and Detection, as described above.''

'''Test Sample Preparation:''' Prepare test sample as described under Reference Sample Preparations and apply 2 uL.

'''Identification:''' Compare Test Sample Preparation chromatogram with chromatograms of Reference Sample Preparations. The Test Sample Preparation chromatogram is similar to that of the Reference Sample Preparations chromatograms. Additional weak zones may be present.

Under UV light, the Test Sample Preparation chromatogram exhibits a quenching zone in the lower-third section of the chromatogram corresponding to the zone due to ammonium glycyrrhizate in the Reference Standard Solution chromatogram. Above it there are four quenching zones corresponding to those marked with red arrows in the Reference Sample Preparations chromatograms.

After derivatization and under visible light, the Test Sample Preparation chromatogram exhibits a brown zone in the lower-third section of the chromatogram corresponding to the zone due to ammonium glycyrrhizate in the Reference Standard Solution chromatogram. Above it there are four yellow zones corresponding to those marked with black arrows in the Reference Sample Preparations chromatograms.

''Note: Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as a bases for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''
| }}

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />
[[Category:Botanical]]

Fraxinus spp. (leaf)

2014-08-20T01:18:09Z

Staffer:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Fraxinus'' spp. (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Fraxinus'' spp.}}
=Nomenclature=

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Fraxinus_quadrangulata_Tropicos_100140018.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100140018
| caption1=''Fraxinus quadrangulata''
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 26 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100140018>

| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901661
| image2=Fraxinus_excelsior_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000901661_517288.jpg
| caption2=''Fraxinus excelsior''

| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901662
| image3=Fraxinus_excelsior_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000901662_517289.jpg
| caption3=''Fraxinus excelsior''

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901668
| image4=Fraxinus_oxyphylla_var._oligophylla_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000901668_517295.jpg
| caption4=''Fraxinus oxyphylla'' var. ''oligophylla''
| }}

{{Media |cat=Voucher

| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901670
| mainimage=Fraxinus_oxyphylla_var._oligophylla_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000901670_517297.jpg
| caption1=''Fraxinus oxyphylla'' var. ''oligophylla''
}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Fraxinus spp-hptclc-association.png
| caption1=Ash leaf (leaf) HPTLC ID - NP and PEG reagent, 366 nm
| description=Ash leaf (leaf) (''Fraxinus excelsior'' or ''Fraxinus oxyphylla'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, formic acid, water 80:10:10 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 10mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions

Derivatization reagent: 1.) NP reagent, Preparation: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 mL ethyl acetate; 2.) PEG reagent, Preparation: 10 g of polyethylene glycol 400 in 200 mL dichloromethane, Use: Heat plate 3 min at 100°C, dip (time 0, speed 5) in NP reagent, dry and dip (time 0, speed 5) in PEG reagent.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 3.5 mg of rutin in 5 mL of methanol. Dissolve 2.5 mg of chlorogenic acid in 5 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 µL Ash leaf 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 4 µL Ash leaf 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 6 µL Ash leaf 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 2 µL Ash leaf 1
# '''4 µL Ash leaf 1'''
# 6 µL Ash leaf 1
# 2 µL Rutin
# 2 µL Chlorogenic acid
# 8 µL Ash leaf 2
# 10 µL Ash leaf 2
# 12 µL Ash leaf 2
# 6 µL Ash leaf 3
# 8 µL Ash leaf 3
# 10 µL Ash leaf 3

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: Rutin: yellow fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.20; Chlorogenic acid: blue fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.36.

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a yellow zone corresponding to reference rutin and a faint blue zone corresponding to chlorogenic acid. There is an intense bluish zone at Rf ~ 0.42 just above the zone corresponding to chlorogenic acid (yellow arrows). There is a faint dark blue zone at Rf ~ 0.83 (blue arrow).

| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Fraxinus spp. (leaf)

2014-08-20T01:15:46Z

Staffer:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Fraxinus'' spp. (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Fraxinus'' spp.}}
=Nomenclature=

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Fraxinus_quadrangulata_Tropicos_100140018.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100140018
| caption1=''Fraxinus quadrangulata''
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 26 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100140018>

| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901661
| image2=Fraxinus_excelsior_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000901661_517288.jpg

| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901662
| image3=Fraxinus_excelsior_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000901662_517289.jpg

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901668
| image4=Fraxinus_oxyphylla_var._oligophylla_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000901668_517295.jpg
| caption4=''Fraxinus oxyphylla'' var. ''oligophylla''
| }}

{{Media |cat=Voucher

| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901670
| mainimage=Fraxinus_oxyphylla_var._oligophylla_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000901670_517297.jpg
| caption1=''Fraxinus oxyphylla'' var. ''oligophylla''
}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Fraxinus spp-hptclc-association.png
| caption1=Ash leaf (leaf) HPTLC ID - NP and PEG reagent, 366 nm
| description=Ash leaf (leaf) (''Fraxinus excelsior'' or ''Fraxinus oxyphylla'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, formic acid, water 80:10:10 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 10mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions

Derivatization reagent: 1.) NP reagent, Preparation: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 mL ethyl acetate; 2.) PEG reagent, Preparation: 10 g of polyethylene glycol 400 in 200 mL dichloromethane, Use: Heat plate 3 min at 100°C, dip (time 0, speed 5) in NP reagent, dry and dip (time 0, speed 5) in PEG reagent.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 3.5 mg of rutin in 5 mL of methanol. Dissolve 2.5 mg of chlorogenic acid in 5 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 µL Ash leaf 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 4 µL Ash leaf 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 6 µL Ash leaf 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 2 µL Ash leaf 1
# '''4 µL Ash leaf 1'''
# 6 µL Ash leaf 1
# 2 µL Rutin
# 2 µL Chlorogenic acid
# 8 µL Ash leaf 2
# 10 µL Ash leaf 2
# 12 µL Ash leaf 2
# 6 µL Ash leaf 3
# 8 µL Ash leaf 3
# 10 µL Ash leaf 3

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: Rutin: yellow fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.20; Chlorogenic acid: blue fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.36.

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a yellow zone corresponding to reference rutin and a faint blue zone corresponding to chlorogenic acid. There is an intense bluish zone at Rf ~ 0.42 just above the zone corresponding to chlorogenic acid (yellow arrows). There is a faint dark blue zone at Rf ~ 0.83 (blue arrow).

| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Fraxinus spp. (leaf)

2014-08-20T01:14:27Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Fraxinus'' spp. (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Fraxinus'' spp.}}
=Nomenclature=

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Fraxinus_quadrangulata_Tropicos_100140018.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100140018
| caption1=''Fraxinus quadrangulata''
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 26 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100140018>

| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901661
| image2=Fraxinus_excelsior_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000901661_517288.jpg

| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901662
| image3=Fraxinus_excelsior_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000901662_517289.jpg

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901668
| image4=Fraxinus_oxyphylla_var._oligophylla_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000901668_517295.jpg
| caption4=''Fraxinus oxyphylla'' var ''oligophylla''
| }}

{{Media |cat=Voucher

| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000901670
| mainimage=Fraxinus_oxyphylla_var._oligophylla_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000901670_517297.jpg
| caption1=''Fraxinus oxyphylla'' var ''oligophylla''
}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Fraxinus spp-hptclc-association.png
| caption1=Ash leaf (leaf) HPTLC ID - NP and PEG reagent, 366 nm
| description=Ash leaf (leaf) (''Fraxinus excelsior'' or ''Fraxinus oxyphylla'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, formic acid, water 80:10:10 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 10mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions

Derivatization reagent: 1.) NP reagent, Preparation: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 mL ethyl acetate; 2.) PEG reagent, Preparation: 10 g of polyethylene glycol 400 in 200 mL dichloromethane, Use: Heat plate 3 min at 100°C, dip (time 0, speed 5) in NP reagent, dry and dip (time 0, speed 5) in PEG reagent.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 3.5 mg of rutin in 5 mL of methanol. Dissolve 2.5 mg of chlorogenic acid in 5 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 µL Ash leaf 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 4 µL Ash leaf 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 6 µL Ash leaf 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 2 µL Ash leaf 1
# '''4 µL Ash leaf 1'''
# 6 µL Ash leaf 1
# 2 µL Rutin
# 2 µL Chlorogenic acid
# 8 µL Ash leaf 2
# 10 µL Ash leaf 2
# 12 µL Ash leaf 2
# 6 µL Ash leaf 3
# 8 µL Ash leaf 3
# 10 µL Ash leaf 3

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: Rutin: yellow fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.20; Chlorogenic acid: blue fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.36.

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a yellow zone corresponding to reference rutin and a faint blue zone corresponding to chlorogenic acid. There is an intense bluish zone at Rf ~ 0.42 just above the zone corresponding to chlorogenic acid (yellow arrows). There is a faint dark blue zone at Rf ~ 0.83 (blue arrow).

| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Isatis tinctoria (root)

2014-08-20T01:00:16Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Isatis tinctoria'' (root) }} {{askbox|herb=''Isatis tinctoria''}}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Isatis tinctoria
|authority=L.
|family=Brassicaceae
|scn=dyer's woad
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=woad
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media3 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Isatis_tinctoria_Tropicos_100002111.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100002111
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100002111>

| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000642883
| image2=Isatis_tinctoria_subsp._corymbosa_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000642883_287197.jpg
| caption2=''Isatis tinctoria'' subsp. ''corymbosa''

| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000642882
| image3=Isatis_tinctoria_subsp._tomentella_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000642882_287196.jpg
| caption3=''Isatis tinctoria'' subsp. ''tomentella''

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Isatis tinctoria - Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=Yellow fibers observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2=Isatis tinctoria-1 - Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
| caption2=Slide after preparation under UV 365 nm showing blue fluorescence observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference=Pharmacopoeia of The Peoples Republic of China, Volume 1, 1997
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Isatis tinctoria-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=Isatis (root) HPTLC ID - Ninhydrin reagent, white RT
| description=Isatis (root) (''Isatis tinctoria'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Acetonitrile, water, formic acid 30:8:2 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 500 mg of powdered sample with 5 mL of ethanol 70% and sonicate for 10 min, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: Before derivatization, treat plate with ammonia 25% vapor for 5 min.; Ninyhdrin reagent; Preparation: Dissolve 0.6 g of ninhydrin in 190 mL of isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) and add 10 mL of glacial acetic acid; Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 120°C for 3 min.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 4 mg of L-arginine monohydrochloride in 1 mL of ethanol 70%. Dissolve 4 mg of L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate in 1 mL of ethanol 70%.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 4 µL Isatis root 1
# 4 µL Isatis root 2
# '''4 µL Isatis root 3'''
# 4 µL Isatis root 4
# 4 µL Isatis root 5
# 4 µL Isatis root 6
# 4 µL Isatis root 7
# 2 µL L-Cysteine HCl monohydrate
# 2 µL L-Arginine monohydrochloride
# 4 µL Isatis root 8
# 4 µL Isatis root 9
# 4 µL Isatis root 10

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: L-Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate: a brown zone at Rf ~ 0.29; L-Arginine monohydrochloride: a brown zone at Rf ~ 0.12.

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a brown zone (Rf ~ 0.12) at the position of reference arginine. Right below it there is another faint brown zone. There is a brown zone at Rf ~ 0.25 right below the zone due to reference substance cysteine. Just above cysteine there is a prominent brown zone at Rf ~ 0.34.
| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Illicium verum (fruit)

2014-08-19T02:56:03Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Illicium verum'' (fruit) }} {{askbox|herb=''Illicium verum''}}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Illicium verum
|authority=Hook. f.
|family=Illiciaceae
|scn=star anise
|syn=
|ayurvedic=takkola
|pinyin=
|aka=
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{media |cat=voucher

| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000681651
| mainimage=Illicium_verum_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000681651_315393.jpg
}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{{Media |cat=Macroscopy | source=AHPA Practicals, Alkemist Labs
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Alkemist-illicium-verum-1-macro.png
| description=Star anise (fruit) (''Illicium verum'')
| caption1=Brown/orange fragments of composite ''I. verum'' fruits with long slender follicles
| color=Brown/orange.
| characteristics=This sample is representative of ''Illicium verum'' fruit based on authenticated reference samples.
| }}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=AHPA Practicals, Alkemist Labs
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Illicium_verum_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| description=Star anise (fruit) (''Illicium verum'')
| caption1=(1) Large astrosclereid of ''I. verum'' at 400x in acidified chloral hydrate glycerol solution
| source2=AHPA Practicals, Alkemist Labs
| companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2=Illicium_verum-1_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption2=(2) Rhomboidal or rectangular crystals of calcium oxalate of ''I. verum'' at 400x in acidified chloral hydrate glycerol solution
| color=Brown/orange.
| characteristics=This sample is representative of ''Illicium verum'' fruit based on authenticated reference samples and the consistent characteristic cellular structure of a fruit. The characteristic cellular structures identified in this botanical specimens are the large astrosclereid seen in micrograph (1). In micrograph (2) we see the rhomboidal or rectangular crystals of calcium oxalate.

NOTE: Significant differences found between I. verum and I. anisatum are the macroscopic variations as well as the lack of large astrosclereids in ''I. anisatum''.
| reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2003
| }}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

{{HPTLC | source=AHPA Practicals, Alkemist Labs
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Alkemist-star-anise-HPTLC-1-uv365.png
| caption1=Star Anise HPTLC Natural Product Reagent + PEG, UV 365 nm
| description=Star Anise (fruit) (''Illicium verum'')
| image2=Alkemist-star-anise-HPTLC-1-uv254.png
| caption2=Star Anise HPTLC, UV light at 254 nm
|
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 20 x 10 cm HPTLC plates, Merck or equivalent
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid: formic acid: water [10/1.1/1.1/2.4]
| prep=0.5 g raw material with 5 mL CH3OH added and sonicated for 15 minutes then heated in a
dry block incubator at 65° C for about 1 hr. The supernatant is used as the test solution.
| detection=(1) Natural Product Reagent + PEG, UV 365 nm
(2) UV light at 254 nm
| referencesamples=Lanes 1 and 14, a 1μL of a solution of rutin (AE038, Spectrum), chlorogenic acid (03450-001), hyperoside (072605, Chromadex), and caffeic acid (NG0541, Spectrum), ~0.1% in CH3OH
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# Rutin, chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, and caffeic acid standard ~0.1% in CH3OH (1 μL)
# ''I. anisatum'' fruit (3 μL) voucher specimen
# ''I. verum'' fruit (3 μL)
# ''I. verum'' fruit (3 μL)
# ''I. verum'' fruit (3 μL)
# ''I. verum'' fruit (3 μL)
# ''I. anisatum'' fruit (3 μL) voucher specimen
# ''I. verum'' fruit (3 μL)
# ''I. verum'' fruit (3 μL)
# ''I. verum'' fruit (3 μL)
# ''I. verum'' fruit (3 μL)
# ''I. verum'' fruit (3 μL)
# ''I. anisatum'' fruit (3 μL) voucher specimen
# Rutin, chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, caffeic acid standard (1 μL)

| notes=The solid yellow lines 10mm from the bottom of the place mark the sample origin. The red line marks the solvent front at
70mm. Lanes 2, 7, and 13 in the above chromatograms are from ''Illicium anisatum'' voucher specimens while lanes 3, 4, 5, 6,
8, 9, 10, 11 & 12 were made with ''Illicium verum''. Lanes 1 and 14 are the above described reference materials.
These chromatograms demonstrate a clear difference between authentic star anise (''I. verum'') fruit and a known adulterant,
''I. anisatum'' by the following features. The samples in lanes 2, 7, and 13 created from I. anisatum, reveal a distinctly different
‘fingerprint’ from that of ''I. verum'' in lanes 3 – 5, and 8 – 12. There are no bands or only very light bands between the yellow
band at Rf ~ 0.50 corresponding to rutin and the bright blue fluorescent band at Rf ~ 0.95 corresponding to caffeic acid in
the ''I. anisatum'' in image 2 above. There also appears to be no green band in any of the ''I. anisatum'' as is in the ''I. verum''.

These chromatograms clearly reveal the chromatographic differences between (Chinese) star anise (''I. verum'') and its
adulterant, Japanese star anise (''I. anisatum''), and the ease with which they may be distinguished by High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC).

Samples in Lanes 2, 3, 4, and 5 were obtained from the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia®, Scotts Valley, CA. Alkemist Pharmaceuticals retains samples of each of these in their herbarium.

Further methodology available here, in [http://ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/12_0119_Star%20Anise%20HPTLC%20Authentication%20rev.pdf Identification method of Star Anise by HPTLC].
| }}

=Supplementary Information=
{{Botanical | source=AHPA Known Adulterants
| companyimage=AHPA Logo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.ahpa.org/
| description=(Chinese) star anise (fruit) (''Illicium verum'')
| characteristics=AHPA recommends in its [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=223#section_known_adulterants Known Adulterants list] that appropriate steps be taken to assure that this raw material is free of the noted adulterant. [mailto:ahpa@ahpa.org Contact AHPA] for additional information regarding relevant analytical methods or follow [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=242 this link] for more information.
| adulterants=Japanese star anise (''Illicium anisatum'') fruit.
}}

== AHPA Practical: Analytical Tools and Methods to Authenticate Star anise (fruit) ==
[[Category:AHPA Practicals]]
[[File:AHPA Logo.gif|right|150x75px|link=http://www.ahpa.org/]]
===Introduction===
The American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) is providing here a review of analytical tools and methods used to authenticate the identity of raw materials labeled as star anise (''Illicium verum'' Hook. f.) fruit and for differentiating it from the fruit of toxic ''Illicium'' species including Japanese star anise (''Illicium anisatum'' L.).

Japanese star anise has long been known to contain toxic principles and cases of poisoning have occurred from treatment of infant colic by administration of tea made from its toxic fruit instead of from the fruit of true star anise, which is also sometimes referred to as Chinese star anise. AHPA is providing this information as a technical information service to industry and not in response to any indication that there may be problems with food or supplement products containing star anise because supplements, beverage teas, and tea bags have not been implicated in reported poisoning cases.

===Reports of Toxicity in Infants from Japanese Star Anise Tea===

US reports of toxicity from administration of tea made from packaged spice material thought to be star anise to infants originated from the emergency room of the Miami Children’s Hospital.<ref>Ize-Ludlow D, Ragone S, Bruck IS, Bernstein JN, Duchowny M, Peña BM. Neurotoxicities in infants seen with the consumption of star anise tea. [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/114/5/e653.full Pediatrics. 2004 Nov;114(5):e653-656]. (Free download at http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/114/5/e653.full, accessed November 11, 2011) </ref> This led to the issuance of an FDA advisory to the public not to consume "teas" brewed from star anise.<ref>http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/EnforcementStory/EnforcementStoryArchive/ucm095929.htm accessed November 11, 2011.</ref>

The original advisory “noted that FDA’s concern that the commonly available Chinese star anise (''Illicium verum''), a product considered by FDA to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS), may contain Japanese star anise (''Illicium anisatum''). Japanese star anise has long been recognized as toxic in many countries and should be used for decorative purposes only.”

Other reports of poisoning in infants from consumption of tea brewed from “star anise” have come from France,<ref>Minodier P, Pommier P, Moulène E, Retornaz K, Prost N, Deharo L. Intoxication aiguë par la badiane chez le nourrisson. [Star anise poisoning in infants]. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929693X03002744 Arch Pediatr. 2003 Jul;10(7):619-921]. [Article in French]</ref> Spain,<ref>Garzo Fernández C, Gómez Pintado P, Barrasa Blanco A, Martínez Arrieta R, Ramírez Fernández R, Ramón Rosa F; Grupo de Trabajo del Anis Estrellado. Casos de enfermedad de sintomatología neurológica asociados al consumo de anís estrellado empleado como carminativo. [Cases of neurological symptoms associated with star anise consumption used as a carminative]. [Article in Spanish] [http://www.elsevier.es/en/revistas/anales-pediatria-37/cases-of-neurological-symptoms-associated-with-star-13036906-originales-2002 An Esp Pediatr. 2002 Oct;57(4):290-294].</ref><ref>Gil Campos M, Pérez Navero JL, Ibarra De La Rosa I. Crisis convulsiva secundaria a intoxicación por anís estrellado en un lactante. [Convulsive status secondary to star anise poisoning in a neonate]. [Article in Spanish] [http://www.elsevier.es/en/revistas/anales-pediatria-37/convulsive-status-secondary-to-star-anis-poisoning-13036924-notas-clinicas-2002 An Esp Pediatr. 2002 Oct;57(4):366-368].</ref> and more recently Switzerland.<ref>Perret C, Tabin R, Marcoz JP, Llor J, Cheseaux JJ. Malaise du nourrisson pensez à une intoxication à l’anis étoilé. [Apparent life-threatening event in infants: think about star anise intoxication!]. [Article in French] [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929693X11001618 Arch Pediatr. 2011 Jul;18(7):750-753].</ref>

===Comprehensive Star Anise Review===

A comprehensive review that identifies poisonous star anise (''Illicium lanceolatum'' A. C. Smith) in addition to the highly toxic Japanese star anise (''I. anisatum'' L.) as potential adulterants to the true (Chinese) star anise (''I. verum'') has recently been published. This review also summarizes the botany, traditional use, phytochemistry and toxicology of star anise, long recognized for its safe medicinal and food use.<ref>Wang GW, Hu WT, Huang BK, Qin LP. Illicium verum: a review on its botany, traditional use, chemistry and pharmacology. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874111003035 J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jun 14;136(1):10-20].</ref>

===Review of Some General Methods for Authentication of Star Anise Fruit===

====Morphology and microscopy====
Differences between whole ''I. verum'' and ''I. anisatum'' fruit are relatively minor and differentiation between them on physical characteristics is difficult and may be inconclusive when they could be present as mixtures. This is also true of microscopic characteristics where the detection of ''I. anisatum'' in powdered material by this means alone has been found to be very limited.<ref>Fritz E, Ölzant SM, Länger R. ''Illicium verum'' Hook. f. and ''Illicium anisatum'' L.: Anatomical characters and their value for differentiation. [http://www.scipharm.at/default.asp?id=237&lid=2 Sci Pharm. 2008;76(1):65–76]. (Free download at http://www.scipharm.at/download.asp?id=230 accessed November 11, 2011).</ref> However the identity verification of Chinese star anise dried fruit when obtained as homogeneous lots from known sources can be reasonably conducted. Observable macroscopic differences in the shape of the follicles and pedicles, and the taste of the dried fruit, can allow for an appropriate identity confirmation of true star anise.

Macroscopic and organoleptic descriptions of ''Illicium'' species can be located in historical references available from http://books.google.com though the nomenclature in historical references may be misleading because ''I. anisatum'' L. was better known as ''I. religiosum'' Siebold & Zucc. and ''I. verum'' Hook f. was often referred to as ''I. anisatum'' Lour.!<ref>Culbreth, D.M.R. (1896) A Manual of Materia Medica and Pharmacology: Comprising all organic and inorganic drugs which are or have been official in the United States Pharmacopœia together with important allied species and useful synthetics, especially designed for students of pharmacy and medicine, as well as for druggists, pharmacists, and physicians. Lea Brothers & Co., Philadelphia and NY, p. 57-59. </ref><ref>Maisch, J.M (1882) A Manual of Organic Materia Medica: Being a guide to materia medica of the vegetable and animal kingdoms for the use of students, druggists, pharmacists, and physicians. Henry C. Lea’s Son & Co., Philadelphia, p. 295-296.</ref> The confusing nomenclature regarding common and Latin names for these two species has been addressed elsewhere.<ref>Small E. Confusion of common names for toxic and edible “star anise” (''Illicium'') species. Econ Bot. 1996;50(3):337-339.</ref> Macroscopic and microscopic images of ''I. verum'' fruit are available [http://ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/Star%20Anise%20Microscopic%20Authentication.pdf HERE].

====Color test====

Chemical tests can be reliable methods to distinguish the fruits of ''I. verum'' and ''I. anisatum'', and may directly assess safety between materials if they quantify the content of the sesquiterpene lactone anisatin, which is thought to be responsible for the toxicity of ''I. anisatum'' fruit and seeds.

Chemical differences between species can also cause different results in color test reactions such as was described for star anise in 1962.<ref>hang SE, Dutt MC, Tee TS. A colour test to distinguish between the fruits of ''Illicium verum'' and ''Illicium anisatum'' L. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1962.tb11061.x/abstract J Pharm Pharmacol. 1962 Feb;14:108-109].</ref> This test procedure distinguishes the fruits of ''I. verum'' from those of ''I. anisatum'' by employing an acid-base extraction of distilled essential oil followed by the addition of orthophosphoric acid and phloroglucinol. The light yellow color of the solution made from treatment of ''I. verum'' from will change to pink within 5-10 min, and darken upon standing, while that produced from ''I. anisatum'' remains yellow.

====Fluorescent microscopy (and GC-FID)====

Other researchers reported the ability to clearly differentiate ''I. verum'' from ''I. anisatum'' fruit powder, including in a 1:1 mixture, via fluorescent microscopy. This group also developed a gas chromatographic (GC) method employing a flame ionization detector (FID) that easily differentiated simple extracts of these materials, including the detection of 10% ''I. anisatum'' fruit powder in a 10:90 mixture with ''I. verum'' fruit powder, due to the presence of methoxyeugenol, eugenol, and 2,6-dimethoxy-4-allylphenol in the former and not the latter.<ref>Joshi VC, Srinivas PV, Khan IA. Rapid and easy identification of ''Illicium verum'' Hook. f. and its adulterant ''Illicium anisatum'' Linn. by fluorescent microscopy and gas chromatography. [http://aoac.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/aoac/jaoac/2005/00000088/00000003/art00005 J AOAC Int. 2005 May-Jun;88(3):703-706].</ref>

====GC-MS====

Other work conducted by researchers at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom, employed thermal desorption followed by gas chromatography with a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS) in a method that does not require distillation of star anise essential oil prior to analysis.<ref>Howes MJ, Kite GC, Simmonds MS. Distinguishing Chinese star anise from Japanese star anise using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf9009153 J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Jul 8;57(13):5783-5789].</ref> Although various samples of eight ''Illicium'' species were tested by this method, the authors did not report results conclusively differentiating the species, instead stating that the technique “can assist with the differentiation between fruit obtained from ''I. verum'' and the more toxic ''I. anisatum''.”

====Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Authentication of Star Anise Fruit====

=====TLC=====

AHPA member company PhytoLab of Germany considered published GC methods inadequate because they do not include determination of the toxic constituent anisatin. Their published report contains a differentiation of several ''Illicium'' species based on thin layer chromatography (TLC), in which ''I. verum'' can be clearly differentiated, and of which they were similarly critical. (An HPTLC method and an example of results from analysis of ''I. verum'' and ''I. anisatum'' dried fruit is available [http://ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/12_0119_Star%20Anise%20HPTLC%20Authentication%20rev.pdf HERE].)

=====HPLC-MS/MS=====
In response, they developed and validated a fast, selective, and sensitive method that can determine low adulterations of toxic ''Illicium'' species and detect toxic sesquiterpene lactones using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-MS/MS).<ref>Lederer I, Schulzki G, Gross J, Steffen JP. Combination of TLC and HPLC-MS/MS methods. Approach to a rational quality control of Chinese star anise. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf058156b J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Mar 22;54(6):1970-1974].</ref>

This technique was used to measure the anisatin content of seven ''Illicium'' species, all of which, including ''I. verum'', were shown to contain anisatin in various amounts. However, due to the low concentration of anisatin found in ''I. verum'' dried fruit samples (up to 0.3 ppm) relative to other species, and establishing a specification of a maximum of 1 ppm for quality control product release, quantification of this constituent by the reported method can insure that a batch of star anise contains less than 0.1% of ''I. anisatum''.

PhytoLab highly qualified reference standard anisatin is available in the US through Cerilliant® (http://www.cerilliant.com/).

====DNA====

Multiple genetic methods are available to both identify and quantify the presence and abundance of ''Illicium'' species in a sample. DNA sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods have been demonstrated by researchers at the US Department of Agriculture and the University of Mississippi’s National Center for Natural Products Research to unambiguously identify and differentiate ''I. verum'' from ''I. anisatum'', as well as to detect mixed samples.<ref>Techen N, Pan Z, Scheffler BE, Khan IA. Detection of ''Illicium anisatum'' as adulterant of ''Illicium verum''. [https://www.thieme-connect.de/ejournals/abstract/plantamedica/doi/10.1055/s-0028-1112219 Planta Med. 2009 Mar;75(4):392-395].</ref> In combination with real-time PCR methods, as described in a recent paper by researchers a forensic laboratory in Japan, quantification of ''Illicium'' species in a mixture is also possible.<ref>Matsuyama S, Nishi K. Genus identification of toxic plant by real-time PCR. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/x6uu571715r20618/ Int J Legal Med. 2011 Mar;125:211-217].</ref>

===Other Relevant Sources of Star Anise Information===

====AHP and EP monographs====

The American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium has published a star anise fruit monograph that includes organoleptic, macroscopic, and microscopic descriptors; other methods of analysis including HPTLC of authenticated materials; quality control; and therapeutic information. It can be ordered through http://www.herbal-ahp.org/order_online.htm. The European Pharmacopoeia also has identity and purity tests in the star anise monograph.

===Analytical Considerations Based on Material Form===

====Whole dried fruit====

This form of star anise contains DNA, chemical, microscopic, and macroscopic information and can be subjected to all the tests previously described. If assurance is present that a lot in question is homogeneous with regard to species, a macroscopic inspection of follicles and pedicles and evaluation by taste can provide a perfectly acceptable method of identity verification of (Chinese) star anise (''I. verum'') dried whole fruit.

====Fruit pieces, powdered fruit, possible mixtures, essential oils====

Due to few differentiating macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, testing star anise fruit pieces or powder for adulteration is best accomplished via chromatographic or DNA technologies. DNA is can be particularly useful for detecting the presence of trace amounts of potentially adulterating species. The color test previously described may also be useful.

Gas chromatic analysis of the material’s essential oil can aid determination of adulteration by detecting constituents from ''I. anisatum'' that are not present in ''I. verum''. Differentiation among several ''Illicium'' species is also possible using a TLC method. The availability of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry allows for direct measurement of anisatin, the major toxic compound in ''I. anisatum'' fruit.

Any technology/methodology chosen to authenticate star anise must match the particulars of the task at hand. This can be done with a thorough knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of each technology/methodology combined with an understanding of the origin of the material, its form, and potential adulterants. Readers are encouraged to directly consult the literature for more information.

===Acknowledgements===

Elan and Sidney Sudberg of Alkemist Labs in Costa Mesa, CA are acknowledged for providing the macroscopic and microscopic images, and the HPLTC method and image; Danica Reynaud of AuthenTechnologies in Albany, CA for information on analysis by DNA; Matthew Creswell of Oregon’s Wild Harvest in Sandy, OR for attention to historical references; Klaus Reif of PhytoLab in Germany for their method and identification of a standard source of anisatin; and to the membership of AHPA Analytical Laboratories, and Standards committees for their review of this information.

=Sources=
<references />

Hypericum perforatum (flowering tops)

2014-08-19T02:44:21Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Hypericum perforatum'' (flowering tops)}} {{askbox|herb=''Hypericum perforatum''}}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Hypericum perforatum
|authority=L.
|family=Clusiaceae
|scn=St. John's wort
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 |cat=Voucher

|source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org.
|mainimage=St. John's Wort Tropicos 61762.jpg
|companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
|companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/61762

|source2=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
|image2=Hypericum perforatum LF00509MMB A0153.jpg
|companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
|companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com

|source3=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
|image3=Hypericum perforatum LF20105BMX1 A0155.jpg
|companyimage3=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
|companyURL3=http://www.alkemist.com

|source4=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
|image4=Hypericum perforatum LF19505JD A0154.jpg
|companyimage4=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
|companyURL4=http://www.alkemist.com

|}}

{{Media2 | cat=Voucher

| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000914115
| mainimage=Hypericum_perforatum_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000914115_479681.jpg

| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000914116
| image2=Hypericum_perforatum_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000914116_479682.jpg

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|

{{Media3 |cat=Macroscopy |companyimage= AHPLogoWeb.jpg
| companyURL= http://www.herbal-ahp.org/

|companyimage3= AHPLogoWeb.jpg
| companyURL3= http://www.herbal-ahp.org/
|mainimage= Hypericum perforatum 1 RU.jpg
|caption1= ''Hypericum perforatum'' growing in the field
|source= Roy Upton, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia®
| source2=PlantaPhile
| image2=PlantaPhile_-_146.jpg
| companyimage2=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL2=http://plantaphile.com/
|image3= Hypericum blossom stereo 2.jpg
|caption3= ''Hypericum perforatum'' flower close-up. Note the black dots on the petals' margin only.
|source3= American Herbal Pharmacopoeia®
}}

{{Media3 |cat=Macroscopy
|companyimage= AHPLogoWeb.jpg
| companyURL= http://www.herbal-ahp.org/
|mainimage= Hypericum_perforatum_leaves_stereo_1.JPG
|caption1= ''Hypericum perforatum'' leaves with the characteristic black dots on the margin and translucent dots on the leaf body.
|source=American Herbal Pharmacopoeia®
|companyimage2= AHPLogoWeb.jpg
| companyURL2= http://www.herbal-ahp.org/
|image2= Hypericum perforatum stem stereo 2.JPG
|caption2= ''Hypericum perforatum'' stem showing opposite ridges, a defining characteristic of the species.
|source2= American Herbal Pharmacopoeia®
| source3=PlantaPhile
| image3=PlantaPhile - 2611.jpg
| companyimage3=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL3=http://plantaphile.com/
|

| }}

|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|

{{Media4 |cat=Microscopy |companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com
|companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2= http://www.alkemist.com
|companyimage3= PhytoLab_Logo.jpg‎
| companyURL3= http://www.phytolab.com/en.html
|companyimage4= PhytoLab_Logo.jpg‎
| companyURL4= http://www.phytolab.com/en.html}
|mainimage=Hypericum_perforatum_L._-Clusiaceae--1.jpg
|caption1= Oil glands with red pigment of ''Hypericum perforatum'' viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
|source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
|image2=Hypericum_perforatum_L._-Clusiaceae--2.jpg
|caption2= Three pored pollen grain showing smooth and faintly warted exine of ''Hypericum perforatum'' viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
|source2= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
|image3=st johns wort secretory cell phytolab.jpg
|caption3= St. John's Wort, ''Hyperici herba'' secretory cell
|source3= Claudia Borst, PhytoLab
|image4=st johns wort pollen grain phytolab.jpg
|caption4= St. John's Wort, ''Hyperici herba'' pollen grain
|source4= Claudia Borst, PhytoLab
}}

{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy |companyimage= PhytoLab_Logo.jpg‎
| companyURL= http://www.phytolab.com/en.html
|companyimage2= PhytoLab_Logo.jpg‎
| companyURL2= http://www.phytolab.com/en.html
|mainimage=st johns wort hypericin gland phytolab.jpg
|caption1= St. John's Wort, ''Hyperici herba'' hypericin gland
|source= Claudia Borst, PhytoLab
|image2=st johns wort tracheidal vessels with pitted walls phytolab.jpg
|caption2= St. John's Wort, ''Hyperici herba'' tracheidal vessels with pitted walls
|source2= Claudia Borst, PhytoLab }}

|}

=High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Identification=
{| style="width: 100%" border=1
|
{{Botanical | source=Indena S.p.A.
| companyURL=http://www.indena.com/
| companyimage=Indena - Logo.png
|mainimage=Indena - St. John's Wort Info - hypericin hplc.jpg
|caption1=Total hypericins representative chromatogram

|
| description=
'''Method for Hypericins'''

'''Column:''' 15-cm x 4.6 mm, 5-um, Waters Atlantis C18

'''Mobile Phase:''' A mix of 39 volumes of ethyl acetate, 41 volumes of a 15.6 g/L solution of sodium dihydrogen phosphate adjusted to pH 2 with phosphoric acid and 160 volumes of methanol.

'''Elution:''' Isocratic

'''Column Temperature:''' 40°C

'''Flow rate:''' 1.0 mL/min

'''Detection:''' Vis, 590 nm

'''Injection volume:''' 20 uL
}}
|}

{| style="width: 100%" border=1
|
{{Botanical | source=Indena S.p.A.
| companyURL=http://www.indena.com/
| companyimage=Indena - Logo.png
|mainimage=Indena - St. John's Wort Info - hyperforin and flavonoids hplc.jpg
|caption1=Hyperforins and flavonoids representative chromatogram
|
| description=
'''Method for Hyperforins and Flavonoids'''

'''Column:''' 15-cm x 4.6 mm, 3-um, YMC-Pack ODS-A

'''Mobile Phase:''' Water, containing 0.3 % (v/v) phosphoric acid 85% (Solution A) and acetonitrile containing 0.3 % (v/v) phosphoric acid 85% (Solution B)

'''Elution:''' Gradient, see table below

'''Column Temperature:''' 25°C

'''Detection:''' UV, 360 nm, then at 275 nm after the elution of biapigenin (about 22 min)

'''Injection volume:''' 10 uL }}

===Table: Gradient program===

{| border=1
| Time (min) || Solution A (%) || Solution B (%) || Flow Rate (mL/min)
|-
| 0-8 || 82 || 18 || 0.8
|-
| 8-18 || 82-47 || 18-53 || 0.8
|-
| 18-18.1 || 47-3 || 53-97 || 0.8
|-
| 18.1-19 || 3 || 97 || 1.2
|-
| 19-29 || 3 || 97 || 1.2
|-
| 29-30 || 82 || 18 || 1.2
|-
| 30-31 || 82 || 18 || 0.8
|-
| 31-35 || 82 || 18 || 0.8
|}
|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=HPTLC Hypericum Perforatum - hptlc - uv 366nm.png
| caption1=''Hypericum perforatum'' HPTLC, UV 366 nm
| description=St. John's wort (herb) (''Hypericum perforatum'')
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 μL Rutin, Hyperoside (increasing Rf)
# 2 μL Chlorogenic acid, Hypericin, Pseudohypericin (increasing Rf)
# 4 μL St. John's wort herb 1
# 4 μL St. John's wort herb 2
# 4 μL St. John's wort herb 3
# 4 μL St. John's wort herb 4
# 4 μL St. John's wort herb 5
# 4 μL Mountain St. John's wort herb
# 4 μL Hairy St. John's wort herb
# 4 μL Wavy St. John's wort herb
| notes= 
'''Reference Standard Solution:''' 1.0 mg/mL rutin in methanol, 0.1 mg/mL hyperoside, 0.1 mg/mL hypericin and 0.1 mg/mL pseudohypericin (sonicate for 10 min, centrifuge, and use the supernatant), and 1.0 mg/mL chlorogenic acid in methanol (optional).

'''Reference Sample Preparations:''' Sonicate 0.5 g of powdered sample in 5 mL of methanol at 60°C, centrifuge or filter the solution, and use the supernatant / filtrate.

'''Stationary Phase:''' HPTLC, Silica gel 60 F254

'''Mobile Phase:''' Ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, water, formic acid, acetic acid (100:25:11:10:10)

'''Development:''' Saturate chamber for 20 minutes; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge of the plate; relative humidity 33%, temperature 25°.

'''Derivatization reagent A:''' Natural Products Reagent (NP)– 5 mg/mL 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate in ethyl acetate in a glass bottle.

'''Derivatization reagent B:''' PEG Reagent– 50 mg/mL polyethylene glycol 400 (macrogol) in dichloromethane in a glass bottle.

'''Detection:''' Heat plate at 100°C for 3 min, dip (time 0, speed 5) in Derivatization reagent A, dry, dip (time 0, speed 5) in Derivatization reagent B, and examine under UV light at 366 nm.

'''System suitability:''' ''Rutin:'' orange fluorescent zone in the lower one-third of the plate at about Rf 0.1. ''Hyperoside:'' orange fluorescent zone in the lower one-third of the plate at about Rf 0.25.

'''Procedure:'''

''Reference Standard Solutions, Stationary Phase, Mobile Phase, Development, Derivatization reagent A, Derivatization reagent B, and Detection, as described above.''

'''Test Sample Preparation:''' Prepare test sample as described under Reference Sample Preparations and apply 4 uL.

'''Identification:''' Compare Test Sample Preparation chromatogram with chromatograms of Reference Sample Preparations. The Test Sample Preparation chromatogram is similar to that of the Reference Sample Preparations chromatograms. Additional weak zones may be present.

The Test Sample Preparation chromatogram exhibits fluorescent zones corresponding to the zones due to rutin, hyperoside, hypericin, and pseudohypericin in the Reference Standard Solution chromatograms. Between the zones due to hyperoside and hypericin there are several orange fluorescent zones.

'''Related Species:''' A very faint zone at the Rf corresponding to rutin indicating Hypericum montanum (mountain St. John’s Wort), Hypericum hirsutum (hairy St. John’s Wort), or Hypericum undulatum (wavy St. John’s Wort). A blue fluorescent zone detected below and well resolved from the hyperoside zone indicating Hypericum montanum. Two yellow zones detected around one-third of the chromatogram indicating Hypericum hirsutum. An orange zone detected at Rf 0.47 indicating Hypericum undulatum.

''Note: Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as a bases for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''}}

 
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=St. John's Wort (herb) (''Hypericum perforatum'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Hypericum_perforatum_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Hypericum perforatum'' HPTLC ID - Natural Product Reagent + PEG UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=ethyl acetate: Acetic acid: HCOOH: H2O [10/1.1/1.1/2.4]
| prep=0.3 g + 3 ml 70% grain EtOH sonicated + heated @ 50° C ~ 1 hr
| detection=Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 3 μL Hypericin ~ 0.1% in Methanol
# 3 μL ''Hypericum perforatum''-1 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Hypericum perforatum''-2 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Hypericum perforatum''-3 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Hypericum perforatum''-3 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Hypericum perforatum''-4 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Hypericum perforatum''-5 (herb)
# 1 μL Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Hyperoside, Chlorogenic Acid ~ 0.1% in Methanol

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2003
| }}

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />
[[Category:Botanical]]

Hordeum vulgare (leaf)

2014-08-19T02:40:18Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Hordeum vulgare'' (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Hordeum vulgare''}}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Hordeum vulgare
|authority=L.
|family=Poaceae
|scn=barley
|syn=
|ayurvedic=yava
|pinyin=mai ya (dried germinated ripe fruit)
|aka=
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media3 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Hordeum vulgare Tropicos 38605.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/38605
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 19 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/38605>

| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000032443
| image2=Hordeum_vulgare_Kew_imageBarcode=K000032443_153723.jpg

| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000367320
| image3=Hordeum_vulgare_Kew_imageBarcode=K000367320_23753.jpg

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=

{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Hordeum Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=Small barb like trichome observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2=Hordeum-1 Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
| caption2=Epidermis showing long thin stomata observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| characteristics=cellular structures identified in this botanical specimen are small barb like trichome and the epidermis showing long thin stomata when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference=An Anatomical Atlas of Vegetable Powders, Greenish, H., 1904
| }}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Barley (leaf) (''Hordeum vulgare'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Hordeum_vulgare_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Hordeum vulgare'' HPTLC ID - Natural Products + PEG UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid: formic acid: water [10/1.1/1.1/2.4]
| prep=0.3 g + 3 ml CH3OH sonicated + heated @ 50° C ~ 1 hr
| detection=Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 1 μL Rutin, Caffeic acid, Hyperoside, Chlorogenic Acid ~0.1% in CH3OH
# 3 μL ''Hordeum vulgare''-1
# 3 μL ''Hordeum vulgare''-2
# 3 μL ''Hordeum vulgare''-3
# 3 μL ''Hordeum vulgare''-3
# 3 μL ''Hordeum vulgare''-4
# 3 μL ''Hordeum vulgare''-5
# 1 μL Rutin, Caffeic acid, Hyperoside, Chlorogenic Acid ~0.1% in CH3OH

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=Adapted from Plant Drug Analysis, Wagner, H., 1996
| }}

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Hordeum vulgare leaf-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=''Hordeum vulgare'' (leaf) HPTLC ID - NP/PEG reagent, UV 366 nm
| description=Barley grass (leaf) (''Hordeum vulgare'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase= Formic acid, water, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate 10:10:30:50 (v/v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 500 mg of powdered sample with 5 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: 1.) NP reagent
Preparation: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 mL ethyl acetate
2.) PEG reagent
Preparation: 10 g of polyethylene glycol 400 in 200 mL dichloromethane
Use: Heat plate 3 min at 100°C, then dip (time 0, speed 5) in NP reagent, dry and dip (time 0, speed 5) in PEG reagent

| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 1 mg of rutin in 1 mL of methanol. Dissolve 1 mg of hyperoside in 1 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 4 µL Rutin
# 4 µL Hyperoside
# 7 µL Oat herb 1
# 10 µL Oat herb 1
# 15 µL Oat herb 1
# 10 µL Oat herb 2
# 7 µL Barley grass 1
# '''10 µL Barley grass 1'''
# 15 µL Barley grass 1
# '''10 µL Barley grass 2'''
# 7 µL Wheat grass 1
# 10 µL Wheat grass 1
# 15 µL Wheat grass 1
# 10 µL Wheat grass 2

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''
System suitability test: Rutin: orange fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.32; Hyperoside: orange fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.50

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a yellow zone at Rf ~ 0.18 (red arrow). Above it there are several faint orange zones. There may be an orange zone at the position of reference rutin. A prominent red zone is located close to the solvent front.

Test for adulteration: No blue or green zone is seen between the position of references rutin and hyperoside (Oat herb, yellow arrow). No green zone is seen at Rf ~ 0.44 (Wheat grass, blue arrow).
| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Hoodia gordonii (aerial parts)

2014-08-19T02:36:45Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Hoodia gordonii'' (aerial parts) }} {{askbox|herb=''Hoodia gordonii''}}
=Nomenclature=

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 | cat=Voucher

| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000306192
| mainimage=Hoodia_gordonii_Kew_imageBarcode=K000306192_42086.jpg

| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000306196
| image2=Hoodia_gordonii_Kew_imageBarcode=K000306196_42090.jpg

| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000306197
| image3=Hoodia_gordonii_Kew_imageBarcode=K000306197_42092.jpg

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000306198
| image4=Hoodia_gordonii_Kew_imageBarcode=K000306198_42087.jpg
}}

{{Media2 | cat=Voucher

| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000306198
| mainimage=Hoodia_gordonii_Kew_imageBarcode=K000306198_42093.jpg

| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000306202
| image2=Hoodia_gordonii_Kew_imageBarcode=K000306202_42097.jpg

}}
=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=AHPA Practical, CAMAG HPTLC
| companyimage=Camag_logo.png
| companyURL=http://www.camag.com/index.php
| mainimage=AHPA-Camag-hoodia-1-whiteRT.png
| caption1=''Hoodia gordonii'' HPTLC ID - anisaldehyde, white RT
| description=Hoodia (aerial parts) (''Hoodia gordonii'')
|
| stationaryphase=Plate: Merck HPTLC glass 20x10 cm, Si 60 F254 batch HX 745979
| mobilephase=chloroform/methanol/water 70:30:3
| prep=Sample: Mix 0.5 g of powdered sample with 5 mL methanol or methanol/water 8:2, then sonicate for 10 min and centrifuge.

Standard: Dissolve 7 mg of fructose in 5 mL of ethanol/water 7:3
Dissolve 2 mg of beta-sitosterol in 5 mL of methanol
Dissolve 0.6 mg of P57 in 2 mL of methanol

Plate: Apply 5 μL of the prepared samples and standards as 8 mm wide bands, which should be at least 2 mm apart and 8 mm from the lower edge of the plate.
| detection=Derivitizing agent: anisaldehyde
Preparation: 10 mL sulfuric acid is carefully added to an ice-cooled mixture of 170 mL methanol and 20 mL acetic acid, before adding 1 mL anisaldehyde
Application: the plate is dipped then heated at 100°C for 3 min
| referencesamples=Dissolve 7 mg of fructose in 5 mL of ethanol/water 7:3

Dissolve 2 mg of beta-sitosterol in 5 mL of methanol

Dissolve 0.6 mg of P57 in 2 mL of methanol
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' juice
# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' plant A
# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' plant parts B
# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' plant parts C
# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' plant parts D
# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' lower plant parts 14 P57
# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' (part unspecified) 15 beta-sitosterol (Rf 0.89), fructose (Rf 0.17)
# 5 μL Adulterated/misbranded ''H. gordonii'' extract
# 5 μL Adulterated/misbranded ''H. gordonii'' capsules
# 5 μL ''Opuntia ficus-indica'' (part unspecified)
# 5 μL ''Opuntia ficus-indica'' flowers concentrated
# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' voucher specimen, powdered
# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' voucher specimen
# 5 μL P57
# 5 μL beta-sitosterol (Rf 0.89), fructose (Rf 0.17)

Samples for tracks 1–11 were provided by CAMAG. Tracks 12 and 13 were made samples of ''Hoodia
gordonii'' material obtained by AHPA from South Africa, the identity of which were verified by Ernst van
Jaarsveld, curator of Conservatory in Kirstenbosch Gardens in Capetown. The material for track 13 was
treated for preservation purposes.
| notes=Developing distance from application position/lower edge: 62/70 mm
Developing solvent: chloroform/methanol/water 70:30:3
Developing time: 10 min
Plate drying: 5 min in a stream of cold air

Equipment: CAMAG Automatic TLC Sampler 4, CAMAG Automatic Developing Chamber (ADC2) with humidity control (MgCl2 to RH 33%), CAMAG Chromatogram Immersion Device III, CAMAG TLC Plate Heater III, CAMAG Digistore 2, and CAMAG filter paper for chamber saturation base ADC2, IKA Mill KB5/10, Hettich Centrifuge EBA21, Telsonic Ultrasonic Bath TPC25, and Mettler-Toledo DC4400 and AG245 Balances.

Further methodology available here, in AHPA Resource [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=173 HPTLC of Hoodia gordonii].
| }}

=Supplementary Information=

{{Botanical | source=AHPA Known Adulterants
| companyimage=AHPA Logo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.ahpa.org/
| description=Hoodia (aerial parts, powder) (''Hoodia gordonii'')
| characteristics=AHPA recommends in its [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=223#section_known_adulterants Known Adulterants list] that appropriate steps be taken to assure that this raw material is free of the noted adulterant. [mailto:ahpa@ahpa.org Contact AHPA] for additional information regarding relevant analytical methods or follow [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=242 this link] for more information.
| adulterants=Various powders possibly including ''Opuntia'' spp. and other ''Hoodia'' species.
}}

==AHPA Practical: Identification and Purity Determination of ''Hoodia gordonii'' Powdered Stem==
[[Category:AHPA Practicals]]
[[File:AHPA Logo.gif|right|150x75px|link=http://www.ahpa.org/]]
===Introduction===
The American Herbal Products Association is providing here analytical tools for identification and determination of purity of powdered raw materials labeled as ''Hoodia gordonii'' stems. The work was commissioned by the AHPA ''Hoodia gordonii'' Committee and managed by AHPA staff. It was initiated through solicitation of proposals that were evaluated by an independent expert scientific review panel.

The tools consist of three methods for the characterization and identification of material labeled as ''Hoodia gordonii'' stem. These are microscopy, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These techniques are complementary tools to provide information regarding identity and purity of raw powdered material, and should be employed in concert.

===Microscopy===
When employed by a qualified microscopist trained in analyzing botanical powders, this technique is capable of revealing the presence of cell components that are unique to a test material as well as negative markers (i.e., cell structures that do not occur in a test material).

The images provided here show characteristics of authentic material, but microscopic features indicative only of ''Hoodia gordonii'' stem have not yet been found. So far microscopy cannot reliably differentiate ''Hoodia gordonii'' from related ''Hoodia'' species or from ''Caralluma fimbriata''. However, the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, and specific cellular substructures known as sclereids and stone cells always indicate the presence of material that is NOT from ''Hoodia'' species.

While not capable of positively identifying ''Hoodia gordonii'' stem by itself, microscopy is nevertheless very useful for detecting certain added adulterants. Microscopy is able to reveal the presence of ''Opuntia'' spp. added to ''Hoodia gordonii'' powder at a 1% concentration. Similarly the presence of maltodextrin can be detected reliably at 10% adulteration and possibly even at 1% and 5% concentrations.

* Click here for [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=171 Microscopy images and a technique to detect adulteration with maltodextrin or ''Opuntia'' spp.]
''Note: Not all web browsers present this linked page properly. Internet Explorer is among those that does show the page.''

===HPTLC===
When properly employed, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) provides a visual display of compounds present in test materials. However, this does not necessarily mean that HPTLC will always provide authentication to the exclusion of related species and all possible adulterants.

The HPTLC method used here is a very powerful tool for identification of the presence of ''Hoodia gordonii'' stem based on the characteristic image produced. The extent of variability of results for authentic materials has not yet been determined, nor has the extent of HPTLC to detect mixtures of authentic material with added adulterants.

* Click [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=173 here] for an [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=173 HPTLC method for ''Hoodia gordonii''].

===HPLC===
Recent advances in chromatography has made the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) very useful for the analysis of targeted analytes in complex matrices such as botanical-based dietary supplements. The rigour and confidence in an analytical result is determined by a number of key factors including the competence of the analyst, the method selection and appropriateness, reference materials employed, and finally the test material itself. Two main approaches may be employed for HPLC analysis. They are marker or active determination, and profiling (often referred to as “fingerprinting”) techniques.

While it may sometimes be preferable to quantify a specified constituent or class of compounds, the selection of analytes and methods of analysis can be driven by marketing, ease of analysis, or other relatively arbitrary reasons. It is very important when selecting or developing an analytical method to carefully consider, “Will the question being asked be answered by the analysis results?” Always use analytical methods within their specified scope and applicability. For ''Hoodia gordonii'' the question was simply, “Is this material ''Hoodia gordonii'' or not?”

The question of identity is actually the hardest one to answer by any analytical technique. To definitively answer it there must be diagnostic features such as morphological, chemical, or genetic that can be used to differentiate ''Hoodia gordonii'' from related species and known adulterants. Certain identified marker compounds known as oxypregnane glycosides have been employed to determine the presence of ''Hoodia'' species. Although the best known of these, P57, has been used as a marker for ''Hoodia gordonii'' it is not necessarily diagnostic for this species alone because P57 can be found in other ''Hoodia'' species. Furthermore, published HPLC methods of analysis for P57 can be confounded by co-eluting peaks that are found in adulterating species. For example the mistaken assignment of P57 in ''Gymmema sylvestre'' can occur if the HPLC conditions are not optimized for this problem as demonstrated in [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure1.pdf Figure 1].

* Click [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure2.pdf here] for an [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure2.pdf HPLC method for ''Hoodia gordonii''].

A recent publication by Avula ''et al.'' reported similar findings. Lengthening the HPLC run time for this method (see [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure2.pdf Figure 2]) now separates the peak in ''Gymnema sylvestre'', as shown in [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure3.pdf Figure 3], which previously corresponded to that of P57 with the unmodified method. The better optimized method clearly reveals 11 oxypregnane glycosides from ''Hoodia gordonii'' as shown in [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure4.pdf Figure 4]. [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure5.pdf Figure 5] demonstrates the wide variety of HPLC “fingerprints” that can be generated for ''Hoodia gordonii''. Future work may entail the acquisition of additional samples so that a wider chemical representation of ''Hoodia gordonii'' materials can be subjected to this evaluation. Discrimination from other potentially adulterating species, such as ''Stapelia'' spp., will be aided by their evaluation with this method and comparison of the results.

===Acknowledgements===

* The microscopy work was done by AHPA member company [http://www.alkemist.com/ Alkemists Pharmaceuticals, Inc.] under the direction of Elan Sudberg.
* The HPTLC work was done by AHPA member company [http://www.camag.com/usa/ CAMAG Scientific, Inc.] under the direction of Eike Reich, PhD.
* The HPLC work was done by [http://www.floraresearch.com/home.html Flora Research Laboratories] under the direction of James Neal-Kababick. This was a joint effort of Flora Research Laboratories and the NHP Research Group at the British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT) with thanks to Dr. Ikhlas Kahn at University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy for providing standards and information on his HPLC separation methods to optimize the method.

In addition, this project was funded by numerous companies and individuals, including:

* Desert Burn Industries, LLC
* Ethno Africa, LLC
* Herbal Teas International
* Millennium Health
* Nature’s Way Products, Inc.
* NOW Foods
* Vitality Works
* Wulff Africeuticals, a division of WulffCapital, LP

=Sources=
<references />

Handroanthus impetiginosus (bark)

2014-08-19T02:27:31Z

Staffer:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Handroanthus impetiginosus'' (bark) }} {{askbox|herb=''Handroanthus impetiginosus''}}
=Nomenclature=

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
{{media2 |cat=voucher

| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000449912
| mainimage=Handroanthus_impetiginosus_Kew_imageBarcode=K000449912_257528.jpg

| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000449913
| image2=Handroanthus_impetiginosus_Kew_imageBarcode=K000449913_257529.jpg

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Pau D'Arco Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=Fragment of the bark showing dispersal of medullary rays observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2=Pau D'Arco-1 Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
| caption2=Bark fiber showing calcium oxalate prisms spaced by medullary rays observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| characteristics=cellular structures identified in this botanical specimen is the fragment of the bark showing dispersal of medullary rays and the bark fiber showing calcium oxalate prisms spaced by medullary rays when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference=Plant Drug Analysis, Wagner, H., 1996
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Pau D’Arco (bark) (''Handroanthus impetiginosus'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Handroanthus_impetiginosus_bark_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Handroanthus impetiginosus'' HPTLC ID - 10% Ethanolic H2SO4 ->115° C 15 min -> UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid [7.5/2.5/0.5]
| prep=0.3 g + 3 ml CH3OH sonicated + heated @ 50° C ~ 1 hr.
| detection=10% Ethanolic H2SO4 ->115° C 15 min -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-1 (bark)
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-2 (bark)
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-3 (bark)
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-4 (bark)
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-4 (bark)
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-5 (bark)
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-6 (bark)
# 1 μL Artemisinin ~0.1% in CH3OH

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=Plant Drug Analysis, Wagner, H., 1996
| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Handroanthus impetiginosus (bark)

2014-08-19T02:25:46Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Handroanthus impetiginosus'' (bark) }} {{askbox|herb=''Handroanthus impetiginosus''}}
=Nomenclature=

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
{{media |cat=voucher

| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000449912
| mainimage=Handroanthus_impetiginosus_Kew_imageBarcode=K000449912_257528.jpg
}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Pau D'Arco Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=Fragment of the bark showing dispersal of medullary rays observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2=Pau D'Arco-1 Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
| caption2=Bark fiber showing calcium oxalate prisms spaced by medullary rays observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| characteristics=cellular structures identified in this botanical specimen is the fragment of the bark showing dispersal of medullary rays and the bark fiber showing calcium oxalate prisms spaced by medullary rays when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference=Plant Drug Analysis, Wagner, H., 1996
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Pau D’Arco (bark) (''Handroanthus impetiginosus'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Handroanthus_impetiginosus_bark_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Handroanthus impetiginosus'' HPTLC ID - 10% Ethanolic H2SO4 ->115° C 15 min -> UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid [7.5/2.5/0.5]
| prep=0.3 g + 3 ml CH3OH sonicated + heated @ 50° C ~ 1 hr.
| detection=10% Ethanolic H2SO4 ->115° C 15 min -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-1 (bark)
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-2 (bark)
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-3 (bark)
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-4 (bark)
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-4 (bark)
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-5 (bark)
# 3 μL ''Handroanthus impetiginosus''-6 (bark)
# 1 μL Artemisinin ~0.1% in CH3OH

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=Plant Drug Analysis, Wagner, H., 1996
| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Gymnema sylvestre (leaf)

2014-08-19T02:22:22Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''Gymnema sylvestre'' (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Gymnema sylvestre''}}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Gymnema sylvestre
|authority=(Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult.
|family=Asclepiadaceae
|scn=gymnema
|syn=
|ayurvedic=meshashiringi
|pinyin=
|aka=gurmar
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Gymnema_sylvestre_Tropicos_100149028.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100149028
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100149028>

| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000305344
| image2=Gymnema_sylvestre_Kew_imageBarcode=K000305344_41243.jpg

| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000872846
| image3=Gymnema_sylvestre_Kew_imageBarcode=K000872846_502255.jpg

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000872847
| image4=Gymnema_sylvestre_Kew_imageBarcode=K000872847_502257.jpg
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=

=Microscopic Characteristics=

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />
[[Category:Botanical]]

Garcinia hanburyi (gum resin)

2014-08-19T01:56:07Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Garcinia hanburyi'' (gum resin) }} {{askbox|herb=''Garcinia hanburyi''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Garcinia hanburyi
|authority=Hook. f.
|family=Clusiaceae
|scn=gamboge
|syn=Hanbury's garcinia; Siam gamboge
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=
|notes=The gum resin of G. hanburyi is also commonly called gamboge. }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{media2 |cat=voucher

| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000677699
| mainimage=Garcinia_hanburyi_Kew_imageBarcode=K000677699_294998.jpg
| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000677700
| image2=Garcinia_hanburyi_Kew_imageBarcode=K000677700_294999.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
| {{Organolepsy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| description=''Garcinia hanburyi''
| texture=Brittle, easily powdered.
| color=Bright yellow.
| flavor=Slightly acrid.
| scent=Nearly odorless. }}
{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=''Garcinia hanburyi'' (gum resin) is odorless; taste very acrid. [...]

It has no odor, and little taste, but, after remaining a short time in the mouth, produces an acrid sensation in the fauces.}}

|}

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=In hard, brittle, cylindrical pieces, usually hollow in the center, from 2 to 5 cm. in diameter, from 10 to 20 cm in length, externally grayish-orange-brown, longitudinally striate; fracture conchoidal, smooth, orange-red.

When rubbed with water it yields a yellow emulsion which becomes darker and almost transparent upon the addition of ammonia water. The emulsion turns green upon the addition of iodine T.S. (starch).
}}
|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=The official description is [in part] as follows:
"The powder is bright yellow, containing few or no starch grains. When mounted in hydrated chloral T.S. and examined under the microscope the particles, for the most part, slowly dissolve, leaving scattered fragments of vegetable tissues. Not less than 65 per cent. of Gamboge is soluble in alcohol." U.S.
}}

{{Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| characteristics=The microscope reveals little that is characteristic. Fragments of vegetable tissue are sparingly present. There is no starch present. The emulsified particles resemble bacteria and show active Brownian movement.
| ash=Ash should not exceed 1.5 per cent.
| adulterants=Not generally adulterated.
| }}

{{Media |cat=Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| mainimage=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_p_257_google_ver_camboge_figure.PNG }}
|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Filipendula ulmaria (leaf)

2014-08-19T01:53:28Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Filipendula ulmaria'' (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Filipendula ulmaria''}}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Filipendula ulmaria
|authority=(L.) Maxim.
|family=Rosaceae
|scn=meadowsweet
|syn=''Spiraea ulmaria'' L.
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=queen-of-the-meadow
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
{{Media | cat=Voucher

| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000914185
| mainimage=Filipendula_ulmaria_Kew_imageBarcode=K000914185_516993.jpg
| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=''Spiraea Ulmaria'' L. (''Filipendula Ulmaria'' (L.) Maxim.),
commonly known as ''Queen of the Meadow'', or ''Meadow-sweet''
and many if not all the species of this genus contain a colorless volatile oil,
very similar to the oil of gaultheria, but composed mainly of salicylic aldehyde, with
only smaller amounts of methyl salicylate.

A yellow, crystalline powder of a bitter taste, insoluble in
water, slightly so in alcohol, readily soluble in ether, and having an acid reaction.
''Spiraeaic acid'' (now recognized as ''salicylic acid'') (J. Pr. Chem., xix) was separated
from the flowers of S. Ulmaria by Lowig and Weidmann.

The roots of probably most of the species contain tannic acid, gallic acid, and when
fresh some of the volatile oils.
}}
|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage= Filipendula_ulmaria_leaf_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption1=Long tangled unicellular trichomes from lower epidermis observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| description= Meadowsweet(leaf) ('' Filipendula ulmaria L.'')
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2= Filipendula_ulmaria_leaf-1-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption2=Rosette of calcium oxalate found in mesophyll of leaf observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference= British Pharmacopoeia, 2003
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Euphrasia stricta (aerial parts)

2014-08-19T01:44:23Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Euphrasia officinalis'' (aerial parts) }} {{askbox|herb=''Euphrasia officinalis''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Euphrasia stricta
|authority=J.P. Wolff ex J.F. Lehm.
|family=Scrophulariaceae
|scn=eyebright
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=
|notes=}}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media2 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Euphrasia officinalis Tropicos 100285389.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100285389
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 19 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100285389>

| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000195686
| image2=Euphrasia_officinalis_Kew_imageBarcode=K000195686_98404.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=''E. officinalis'' is a small annual plant without odor, and of a bitterish, astringent taste.}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=

{{ Media2 | cat=Macroscopy
| source=PlantaPhile
| mainimage=PlantaPhile - 3012.jpg
| companyimage=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL=http://plantaphile.com/

| source2=PlantaPhile
| image2=PlantaPhile - 2644.jpg
| companyimage2=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL2=http://plantaphile.com/
| }}

=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Eyebright-1.jpg
| caption1=Red pigmented fragment of the anther as a result of the reaction with chloral hydrate observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2=Eyebright-2.jpg
| caption2=Thick-walled trichome showing rough cuticle observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| characteristics=cellular structures identified in this botanical specimen are the red pigmented fragment of the anther as a result of the reaction with chloral hydrate and the thick-walled trichome showing rough cuticle when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference=Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals, Max Wichtl, 3rd ed., 2004
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Eyebright (aerial parts) (''Euphrasia officinalis'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Euphrasia_officinalis_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Euphrasia officinalis'' HPTLC ID - Vanillin/Sulfuric Acid Reagent UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=chloroform: methanol: water [6/4/0.4]
| prep=0.3 g + 3 ml CH3OH sonicated + heated @ 50° C ~ 1 hr
| detection=Vanillin/H2SO4 Reagent -> 110° C 5 min -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 μL Aucubin ~0.1% in CH3OH
# 3 μL ''Euphrasia officinalis''-1 (aerial parts)
# 3 μL ''Euphrasia officinalis''-2 (aerial parts)
# 3 μL ''Euphrasia officinalis''-3 (aerial parts)
# 3 μL ''Euphrasia officinalis''-3 (aerial parts)
# 3 μL ''Euphrasia officinalis''-4 (aerial parts)
# 3 μL ''Euphrasia officinalis''-5 (aerial parts)
# 2 μL Catalpol ~0.1% in CH3OH

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals, Max Wichtl, 3rd ed., 2004
| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Eucalyptus globulus (leaf)

2014-08-19T01:43:01Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Eucalyptus globulus'' (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Eucalyptus globulus''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Eucalyptus globulus
|authority=Labill.
|family=Myrtaceae
|scn=eucalyptus
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=blue gum; southern blue gum; Tasmanian blue gum
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media3 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Eucalyptus_globulus_Tropicos_70801_(s).jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/70801
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/70801>

| source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| image2=Eucalyptus_globulus_Tropicos_100000837.jpg
| companyimage2=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100000837
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100000837>

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000279753
| image3=Eucalyptus_globulus_Kew_imageBarcode=K000279753_139337.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=[The leaves] odor slightly aromatic; taste aromatic, bitter, and cooling.}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=The genus ''Eucalyptus'' was named in allusion to the operculum or lid which covers the calyx until the stamens are fully formed.

The plants are evergreen and vary from shrubs to trees of enormous height, some of them probably being the highest trees known. Kerner gives the height as 140 to 152 meters.

The leaves frequently vary in shape and in position on both young and mature trees; they are fixed vertically, and not horizontally
as the leaves of our trees, the petiole being twisted. The leaves
furthermore contain large oil-secreting reservoirs. The flowers are
arranged in cymes or axillary umbels and are devoid of petals; the
usually whitish stamens are inflexed in the bud and expand when the
operculum is removed, giving the name as already stated to the genus.
The fruit is a 3- to 6-celled truncated capsule, or pyxis. The seeds are
small and very numerous, the sterile ones predominating.

''Eucalyptus globulus'' is one of the largest known trees, attaining
sometimes a height of 300 or even 350 feet, with a smooth, ash-colored
bark. The leaves attain a foot in length, and vary, according to age,
from a glaucous white to a bluish-green color. The flowers are large,
pinkish-white, axillary, occurring singly, or in clusters. Although its
wood is very resinous, hard, and durable, the tree is remarkable for the
rapidity of its growth, reaching, under favorable circumstances, fifty
feet of height in five or six years.

The leaves are described as follows:

Laminas lanceolately scythe-shaped,
from 8 to 30 cm. in length and from 2 to 7.5 cm. in breadth; summits
when present acute or acuminate; bases unequal, obtuse or more or less
rounded and connected with a twisted petiole from 5 to 35 mm. in
length; margins slightly uneven, revolute; coriaceous; both surfaces
varying from pale yellowish-green to grayish-green and more or less
glaucous, glabrous, glandular-punctate and with numerous small,
circular, brown dots of cork; veins of the first order anastomosing with
each other and forming a line nearly parallel with the margin.
}}
|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=Under the microscope sections of Eucalyptus show the upper and lower surfaces with nearly similar cells, the outer walls being strongly cuticularized; stomata occur on both surfaces, a region of palisade cells made up of from 3 to 4 rows of cells occurring beneath each surface; among the palisade cells occur large oil-secretion reservoirs, with a yellowish or orange colored oily content; calcium oxalate crystals in cells of the loose mesophyll in the form of rosette aggregates or monoclinic prisms varying from 0.015 to 0.025 mm. in diameter. At the periphery of the fibro-vascular bundles of the midrib and petiole occurs a more or less interrupted circle of small groups of slightly lignified bast-fibers.
}}

{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage= Eucalyptus_globulus_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption1=Numerous anomocytic stomata of more than 80 μm in diameter observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| description= Eucalyptus (leaf) (''Eucalyptus globulus'')
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2= Eucalyptus_globulus-1-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption2= Large oil gland seen in cross section view observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference= European Pharmacopoeia 5.0 2005
| }}
|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Equisetum palustre (leaf)

2014-08-19T01:37:35Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Equisetum palustre'' (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Equisetum palustre''}}
=Nomenclature=

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
{{Media |cat=Voucher
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K001057681
| mainimage=Equisetum_palustre_Kew_imageBarcode=K001057681_650549.jpg
| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Equisetum palustre-hptclc-association.png
| caption1=Marsh horsetail herb (leaf) HPTLC ID - NP and PEG reagent, UV 366 nm
| description=Marsh horsetail herb (leaf) (''Equisetum palustre'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, water, acetic acid, formic acid 134:36:15:15 (v/v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: NP reagent, Preparation: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 mL of ethyl acetate; 2.) PEG reagent, Preparation: 10 g of polyethylene glycol 400 in 200 mL of methylene chloride, Use: Heat plate for 3 min at 100°C, dip (time 0, speed 5) in NP reagent, dry and dip (time 0, speed 5) in PEG reagent.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Individually dissolve 1 mg of caffeic acid, 1 mg of rutin, and 1 mg of hyperoside each in 1 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 µL Marsh horsetail herb 1
# '''5 µL Marsh horsetail herb 1'''
# 8 µL Marsh horsetail herb 1
# 1 µL Rutin, hyperoside, caffeic acid (with increasing Rf)
# 2 µL Common horsetail herb 1
# 5 µL Common horsetail herb 1
# 8 µL Common horsetail herb 1
# 5 µL Common horsetail herb 2
# 5 µL Common horsetail herb 3
# 5 µL Common horsetail herb 4
# 5 µL Common horsetail herb 5
# 5 µL Common horsetail herb 6 (adulterated with Marsh horsetail herb)
# 5 µL Common horsetail herb 2 (adulterated with Marsh horsetail herb)
# 5 µL Common horsetail herb 3 (adulterated with Marsh horsetail herb)

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: Rutin: orange fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.34; Hyperoside: orange fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.50; Caffeic acid: light blue fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.88.

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solutions shows four green zones between the application position and the zone due to reference substance rutin (green arrows). Right above the zone due to rutin there is a faint blue zone. Just below the solvent front there are two red zones due to chlorophylls.

Test for adulteration: There is no yellow zone at or right above the position of hyperoside (pink arrow); between hyperoside and caffeic acid there are not two intense blue zones (white arrow, Common horsetail herb).

| }}

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=
<references />

Elymus repens (root)

2014-08-19T01:35:12Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Elymus repens'' (root) }} {{askbox|herb=''Elymus repens''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Elymus repens
|authority=(L.) Gould
|family=Poaceae
|scn=couch grass
|syn=''Agropyron repens'' (L.) P. Beauv.; ''Elytrigia repens'' (L.) Desv. ex B.D. Jackson; ''Triticum repens'' L.
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=dog grass; graminis; quack grass; triticum; twitch grass
|notes=}}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media2 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Elymus repens Tropicos 100010959.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100010959
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 19 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100010959>

| source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| image2=Elymus repens Tropicos 100167884.jpg
| companyimage2=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100167884
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100167884>

| }}

{{Media3 |cat=Voucher
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000674874
| mainimage=Elymus_repens_Kew_imageBarcode=K000674874_666570.jpg
| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000674875
| image2=Elymus_repens_Kew_imageBarcode=K000674875_666571.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K001065435
| image3=Elymus_repens_Kew_imageBarcode=K001065435_666728.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=[Couch Grass (rhizome) ...] odor slight, aromatic; taste sweetish. [...]

No odor; taste slightly sweet.}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=Couch Grass is the dried rhizome, freed from remains of leaves and rootlets.

It is specifically characterized by its creeping rootstock, the leaves being flat, thin and finely veined, and the flowering glumes being glabrous or scabrous.

Usually in pieces from 4 to 12 mm. in length and from 1 to 2.5 mm. in diameter;
externally light yellow or yellowish-brown, longitudinally furrowed,
smooth, lustrous, nodes with circular leaf-scars, a few root-scars and
occasional slender roots; fracture tough, fibrous; internally lemon-yellow
and with a large, hollow pith. [...] Roots
filiform, irregularly branching, attaining a length of about 5 cm. and
not more than 0.5 mm. in thickness, light brown or yellowish-brown,
frequently covered with long root hairs.

Rhizome pale yellow, rigid, from two to two and a half millimetres in
diameter, usually in pieces from three to six millimetres long. Strongly
furrowed longitudinally, hollow except at the nodes. Contains no starch.

}}
{{ Media | cat=Macroscopy
| source=PlantaPhile
| mainimage=PlantaPhile - 2596.jpg
| companyimage=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL=http://plantaphile.com/
|}}

|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Microscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=Under the microscope, transverse sections of Triticum show a single layer of strongly lignified epidermal cells; a hypodermis of from 3 to 6 rows of more or less polygonal cells with strongly lignified walls; a cortex of from 10 to 16 rows of thin-walled parenchyma cells, occasionally with nearly spherical starch grains about 0.005 mm. in diameter, or with irregular masses of a more or less soluble carbohydrate; among the parenchyma cells and near the hypodermis occur small, widely separated fibro-vascular bundles, each with a closed sheath of sclerenchymatous fibers; an endodermis, the lateral and inner walls of the cells moderately thickened, strongly lignified and somewhat porous; several layers of sclerenchymatous fibers immediately inside the endodermal ring, in which are imbedded an interrupted circle of collateral fibro-vascular bundles having large tracheas; adjoining these are usually 8 to 10 rows of parenchyma cells with a few fibro-vascular bundles and a pith in which the parenchyma cells are more or less broken or absent.

The powder is light yellowish; consisting of irregular, lignified fragments; numerous fragments showing tracheae with annular or spiral thickenings or marked with simple pores and associated with long, narrow, rather thin-walled, strongly lignified sclerenchymatous fibers; fragments of epidermis made up of cells rectangular in outline, the longer walls considerably thickened, strongly lignified and marked with numerous transverse pores; ends of epidermal cells usually separated from each other by a very narrow cell with thin walls and few pores; numerous fragments of parenchyma rectangular in outline and with thin, porous walls.
}}

{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage= Elymus_repens_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption1=Epidermis of the stem showing long and short cells observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| description= Couch Grass (root) (''Elymus repens'')
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2= Elymus_repens-1-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption2= Loose and free floating starch granules observed at 400x with EtOH + glycerin + IKI + chloral hydrate.
| reference= British Pharmacopoeia, 2003
| }}
|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Elettaria cardamomum (fruit)

2014-08-19T01:31:25Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Elettaria cardamomum'' (fruit) }} {{askbox|herb=''Elettaria cardamomum''}}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Elettaria cardamomum
|authority=(L.) Maton var. cardamomum
|family=Zingiberaceae
|scn=cardamom
|syn=''Amomum cardamomum'' L.; ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. var. miniscula Burkill; ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. var. minus Watt
|ayurvedic=ela
|pinyin=
|aka=Mysore cardamom
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media | cat=Voucher
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000815813
| mainimage=Elettaria_cardamomum_Kew_imageBarcode=K000815813_428481.jpg
| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Organolepsy | source=Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs
| companyimage=Mrh logo.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.mountainroseherbs.com
| description=Cardamom (fruit) (''Elettaria cardamomum'')
| flavor=Aromatic, pungent.
| aroma=Aromatic when crushed.}}

{{Organolepsy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| description=Cardamom (fruit) (''Elettaria cardamomum'' W. et. M., Scitaminaceae)
| color=Light brown.
| flavor=Pungent, cooling sensation.
| scent=Aromatic, spicy, somewhat camphoraceous. }}

{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=''Elettaria cardamomum'' ... odor aromatic; taste aromatic, pungent. [...]
Aromatic odor; taste agreeably warm and aromatic.}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=''Elettaria cardamomum''

The cardamom plant has a tuberous horizontal rhizome, sending up from eight to twenty erect, simple, smooth, green and shining, perennial stems, which rise from six to twelve feet in height, and bear alternate elliptical-lanceolate sheathing leaves. The flower-stalk proceeds from the base of the stem, and lies upon the ground, with the flowers arranged in a panicle. The fruit is a three-celled capsule, containing many seeds; during drying it is said to lose three-fourths of its weight.

"Mostly agglutinated in groups of from 2 to 7, the individual seeds, oblong-ovoid in outline, 3- or irregularly 4-sided, convex on the dorsal surface, strongly longitudinally grooved on one side, from 3 to 4 mm. in length; externally reddish-gray-brown, coarsely tuberculated, and with more or less adhering portions of the membranous aril; in section showing a thin reddish-brown seed-coat, a large white perisperm and a central, greenish endosperm enclosing a small straight embryo. [...]

"Fruits from one to two centimetres long, ovoid or oblong, bluntly triangular in section, shortly beaked at the apex, pale buff in color, plump and nearly smooth or with slight longitudinal striations. Seeds dark reddish-brown, about three millimetres in length and the same in
breadth and thickness, irregularly angular, transversely wrinkled, and enclosed in a thin, colorless, membranous aril."
}}

{{Media |cat=Macroscopy | source=Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs
| companyimage=Mrh logo.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.Mountain Rose Herbs.com
| description=Cardamom (fruit) (''Elettaria cardamomum'')
| mainimage=Elettaria_cardamomum_Fruits_2.JPG
| caption1=Cardamom Whole Fruit
| characteristics=Fruit a capsule, light to medium green, elliptical, triangular, striated. Seeds oblong-ovoid, irregularly angular, rugose, brown to dark brown adhering to a colorless membranous aril. | }}
|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=[''Elettaria cardamomum''] powder is greenish-brown; consisting chiefly of coarse angular fragments of cells of the reserve layers and seed-coat; cells of endosperm and perisperm filled with compound starch grains, the individual grains from 0.001 to 0.004 mm. in diameter; fragments of seed with dark brown stone cells, which are polygonal in surface view and about 0.02 mm. in diameter; in mounts made with hydrated chloral T.S. single prisms or crystals in rosette aggregates may separate in the cells of the endosperm and perisperm; fragments of spiral tracheae with accompanying slightly lignified bast-fibers relatively few. [...] The powdered seeds exhibit abundant, minute, angular starch grains, often compacted into masses; but no spiral vessels, sclerenchymatous fibres, or strongly elongated selerenehymatous cells (absence of pericarps).}}

{{Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| description=Cardamom (fruit) (''Elettaria cardamomum'' W. et. M., Scitaminaceae)
| characteristics=Epidermal cells of pericarp of polygonal cells; parenchyma cells of pericarp thin walled containing prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; endosperm cells containing oil, minute starch granules and proteid granules.
Ceylon cardamom is distinguished from the Malabar cardamom by the presence in the former of thick walled, conical, simple trichromes.
| ash=Ash 7 per cent.
| adulterants=Adulterated with related species and varieties, with orange and lemon seeds.
| }}

{{Media3 |cat=Microscopy | source=Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals
| companyimage=TMLogoK832X75.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.traditionalmedicinals.com
| description=Cardamom (seed) (''Elettaria cardamomum'')
| mainimage=Cardamom_seed_coat,_200X.jpg
| caption1=Cardamom seed coat, 200x in glycerin:dionized water
| source2=Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals
| companyimage2=TMLogoK832X75.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.traditionalmedicinals.com
| image2=Cardamom_seed_coat_II,_200x.jpg
| caption2=Cardamom seed coat II, 200x in glycerin:dionized water
| source3=Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals
| companyimage3=TMLogoK832X75.jpg
| companyURL3=http://www.traditionalmedicinals.com
| image3=Cardamom_ca_oxalate_in_perisperm,_200x.jpg
| caption3=Cardamom ca oxalate in perisperm, 200x in glycerin:dionized water
| characteristics=Epidermal cells of pericarp, thin-walled; prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate.
| }}
|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Cardamom (seed) (''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton)
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Elettaria_cardamomum_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton (seeds) HPTLC UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=toluene: ethyl acetate [9.5/0.5]
| prep=0.5g+5ml dichloromethane, sonicate/centrifuge/decant, evaporate to dryness with N2, qs with 1.0 ml Toluene
| detection=Vanillin/H2SO4 Reagent -> 110° C 5 min -> UV 365 nm
| lanes=Lane 1 (1 μl) Linalool ~0.1% in methanol; Lane 2 (2 μl) ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton-1 (seed)(Guatemala); Lane 3 (2 μl) ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton-2 (seed)(Guatemala); Lane 4 (2 μl) ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton-3 (seed), Lane 5 (2 μl) ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton-3 (seed); Lane 6 (2 μl) ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton-4 (seed), Lane 7 (1 μl) ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton-4 (seed; Lane 8 (3 μl) Eugenol~0.1% in methanol, these references have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference sources cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.
| reference=Medicinal Spices, Teuscher, E., 2006, CRC Press or The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Part I Volume I
| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Eclipta prostrata (aerial parts)

2014-08-19T00:32:53Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Eclipta prostrata'' (aerial parts) }} {{askbox|herb=''Eclipta prostrata''}}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Eclipta prostrata
|authority=(L.) L.
|family=Asteraceae
|scn=eclipta
|syn=''Eclipta alba'' (L.) Hassk.
|ayurvedic=bhringaraja
|pinyin=li chang; mo han lian (aboveground parts)
|aka=false daisy
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Eclipta prostrata Tropicos 100011452.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100011452
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 21 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100011452>

| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000009860
| image2=Eclipta_prostrata_Kew_imageBarcode=K000009860_24996.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000054367
| image3=Eclipta_prostrata_Kew_imageBarcode=K000054367_610427.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000895513
| image4=Eclipta_prostrata_Kew_imageBarcode=K000895513_610722.jpg
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Eclipta prostrata-hptclc-association.png
| caption1=False daisy herb, mo han lian (aerial parts) HPTLC ID - NP and PEG reagent, UV 366 nm
| description=False daisy herb, mo han lian (aerial parts) (''Eclipta prostrata'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Toluene, acetone, formic acid 11:6:1 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 500 mg of powdered sample with 5 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes at 60°C, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: 1.) NP reagent, Preparation: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 mL of ethyl acetate; 2.) PEG reagent, Preparation: 10 g of polyethylene glycol 400 in 200 mL of dichloromethane, Use: Heat plate 3 min at 100°C, dip (time 0, speed 5) in NP reagent, dry and dip (time 0, speed 5) in PEG reagent
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 1 mg of quercetin and 1 mg of rosmarinic acid in 1 mL of methanol.
Optional: dissolve 1 mg of wedelolactone in 1 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 µL False daisy herb 1
# '''5 µL False daisy herb 1'''
# 7 µL False daisy herb 1
# 2 µL False daisy herb 2
# '''5 µL False daisy herb 2'''
# 7 µL False daisy herb 2
# 3 µL Quercetin
# 3 µL Rosmarinic acid
# 3 µL Wedelolactone
# '''5 µL False daisy herb 3'''
# '''5 µL False daisy herb 4'''
# '''5 µL False daisy herb 5'''
# '''5 µL False daisy herb 6'''
# 5 µL False daisy herb (questionable)
# 5 µL Great St. John’s wort herb

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: Quercetin: orange fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.48; Rosmarinic acid: blue fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.27.

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows several blue white or greenish white zones just above the start position. There is a faint blue white zone below the position of reference quercetin and a blue white zone (wedelolactone) at the position of quercetin. Above it there is a pale blue zone. Above this zone, just below the solvent front, there is a pattern of three diffuse zones, a greenish, a blue violet and a red zone.

Test for adulteration: No blue white zones are seen at the position of quercetin and just below it (between Rf ~ 0.37-0.47) (purple arrow, Great John’s wort herb).

| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Bacopa monnieri (whole plant)

2014-08-19T00:23:33Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bacopa monnieri'' (whole plant)}} {{askbox|herb=''Bacopa monnieri''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Bacopa monnieri
|authority=(L.) Pennell
|family=Scrophulariaceae
|scn=bacopa
|syn=''Herpestis monniera'' (L.) Kunth
|ayurvedic=brahmi; mandukaparni
|pinyin=
|aka=herb-of-grace; Indian pennywort; water hyssop
|notes=As a general rule ''Centella asiatica'' is called "brahmi" in north and west India and "mandukaparni" in Kerala (south India); whereas ''Bacopa monnieri'' is "brahmi" in Kerala and "mandukaparni" in north and west India. }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media3 | cat=Voucher
| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Bacopa monnieri Tropicos 100184367.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100184367

| source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| image2=Bacopa monnieri Tropicos 100141911.jpg
| companyimage2=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100141911

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000979487
| image3=Bacopa_monnieri_Kew_imageBarcode=K000979487_646226.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=

=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
| {{botcon |companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com}} || {{botcon |companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com}}
|-
| {{botimg |mainimage=Bacopa moniera-1.jpg
|caption1=Epidermis of leaf showing a lignified base of a large 4 celled glandular trichome from Bacopa monnieri observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glyrcerol Solution
|source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com}}
| {{botimg |mainimage=Bacopa moniera-2.jpg
|caption1=Vascular tissue seen within the mesophyll of the leaf showing no distinct midrib from Bacopa monnieri observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glyrcerol Solution
|source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com}}
|}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage= Bacopa monnieri-whiteRT-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=Bacopa (leaf) HPTLC ID - Sulfuric acid reagent, white RT
| description=Bacopa (leaf) (''Bacopa monnieri'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Dichloromethane, methanol, water 14:16:1 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 1.0 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: Sulfuric acid reagent; Preparation: 20 mL of sulfuric acid 98% in 180 mL of methanol. Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 120°C for 3 min.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Individually dissolve 1 mg of bacoside A3 and 1 mg of asiaticoside in 1 mL of methanol. Optional: Individually dissolve 1 mg each of asiatic acid, madecassic acid, madecassoside, bacopaside, and bacosine in 1 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 5 μL Bacopaside, bacoside A3, bacosine (with increasing Rf)
# 5 μL Madecassoside, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, asiatic acid (with increasing Rf)
# 5 μL Bacopa herb 1
# 5 μL Bacopa herb 2
# 5 μL Bacopa herb 3
# 5 μL Bacopa herb 4
# 5 μL Bacopa herb 5
# 5 μL Gotu kola pwd extract USP
# 5 μL Gotu kola herb 1
# 5 μL Gotu kola herb 2

| notes=Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as a bases for setting specifications for quality control purposes.

System suitability test:
Bacoside A3: brownish violet zone at Rf ~ 0.48.
Asiaticoside: brownish violet zone at Rf ~ 0.30.

Identification:
Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. Under white light the test solution shows a brown zone at the position of reference bacoside A3 and a faint pink zone at the position of reference bacoside at Rf ~ 0.90. In the lower third of the chromatogram there may be several greenish-brown zones.

Test for adulteration:
No intense zones may be seen between the zone due to bacoside A3 and bacosine (red arrow, Gotu kola herb).
| }}

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />

Echinacea purpurea (root)

2014-08-19T00:09:01Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Echinacea purpurea'' (root)}} {{askbox|herb=''Echinacea purpurea''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Echinacea purpurea
|authority=(L.) Moench
|family=Asteraceae
|scn=''Echinacea purpurea''
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=purple coneflower
|notes=}}
=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media3 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Echinacea_purpurea_Tropicos_89113.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/89113
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/89113>

| source2=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
| image2=Echinacea purpurea (1) KA3502NSF1 A0104.jpg
| companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com

| source3=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
| image3=Echinacea purpurea (1) KA3502NSF2 A0751.jpg
| companyimage3=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL3=http://www.alkemist.com

| }}

{{Media3 |cat=Voucher

| source=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
| mainimage=Echinacea purpurea (2) KA3502NSF1 A0429.jpg
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com

| source2=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
| image2=Echinacea purpurea (2) KA3502NSF2 A0753.jpg
| companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com

| source3=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
| image3=Echinacea purpurea (3) KA3502NSF1 A0431.jpg
| companyimage3=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL3=http://www.alkemist.com

| }}

{{Media | cat=Voucher

| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K001065963
| mainimage=Echinacea_purpurea_Kew_imageBarcode=K001065963_669584.jpg
| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=

=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy |companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com
|companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2= http://www.alkemist.com
|mainimage= Echinacea_purpurea_(L.)_Moench_-Asteraceae--1.jpg
|caption1= Oleoresin found in ''Echinacea purpurea'' root viewed under 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
|source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
|image2= Echinacea_purpurea_(L.)_Moench_-Asteraceae--2.jpg
|caption2= Fiber showing the lack of phytomelanin in ''Echinacea purpurea'' root viewed under 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.

|source2= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />
[[Category:Botanical]][[Category:Microscopy]]

Echinacea angustifolia (root)

2014-08-19T00:01:43Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Echinacea angustifolia'' (root)}} {{askbox|herb=''Echinacea angustifolia''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Echinacea angustifolia
|authority=DC.
|family=Asteraceae
|scn=''Echinacea angustifolia''
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=narrow-leaf echinacea; Kansas snakeroot; narrow-leaf purple coneflower
|notes=}}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 | cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Echinacea_angustifolia_Tropicos_89103.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/89103
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/89103>

| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2= http://www.alkemist.com
| companyimage3= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL3= http://www.alkemist.com
| image2= Echinacea angustifolia (1) DG3502NSF A1393.jpg
| source2= Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
| image3= Echinacea angustifolia (2) DG3502NSF A0102.jpg
| source3= Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K001065959
| image4=Echinacea_angustifolia_Kew_imageBarcode=K001065959_669580.jpg
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=
Odor faint, aromatic; taste sweetish, followed by a tingling sensation suggesting aconite, but lacking the persistent and benumbing effect produced by that drug.}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=
The root is described as nearly entire, cylindrical, very slightly tapering and sometimes slightly spirally twisted, from 10 to 20 cm. in length and from 4 to 13 mm. in diameter, externally grayish-brown, light brown or purplish-brown, slightly annulate in the upper portion, with occasional V-shaped stem scars, somewhat longitudinally wrinkled, or furrowed; fracture short, fibrous, bark less than 1 mm. in thickness, wood thick and composed of alternate light yellowish and black wedges; the rhizome with a circular pith. }}
|}

=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Microscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=
Under the microscope, sections show the presence of intercellular (schizogenous) oil and resin cavities or reservoirs in both the wood and bark, numerous stone cells distinguished by the presence of a blackish, resinous substance in the intercellular spaces between them and some of the adjoining parenchyma, the latter containing masses or aggregates of inulin. The walls of the tracheae or vessels are marked with simple slitlike pores or annular and reticulate thickenings; bast fibers occur in the stem, and in some specimens true libriform or wood fibers are found.}}

{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy|companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com
|companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2= http://www.alkemist.com
|mainimage= Echinacea_angustifolia_DC._-Asteraceae--1.jpg
|caption1= Fibers showing black phtymelanin of ''Echinacea angustifolia'' root viewed under 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
|source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
|image2= Echinacea_angustifolia_DC._-Asteraceae--2.jpg
|caption2= Oleoresin found in ''Echinacea angustifolia'' root viewed under 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
|source2= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories}}
|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Narrow-leaf Echinacea (root) (''Echinacea angustifolia'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Echinacea_angustifolia_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Echinacea angustifolia'' HPTLC ID - Natural Product Reagent + PEG UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=ethyl acetate: MEK methylethyl ketone: HCOOH: H2O [5/3/1/1]
| prep=0.3 g + 3 ml CH3OH sonicate 10 min NO HEAT
| detection=Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 3 μL Echinacoside, Cynarin ~0.1% in Methanol
# 3 μL ''Echinacea angustifolia''-1 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Echinacea angustifolia''-2 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Echinacea angustifolia''-3 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Echinacea angustifolia''-3 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Echinacea angustifolia''-4 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Echinacea angustifolia''-5 (herb)
# 3 μL Caftaric Acid, Cichoric Acid ~0.1% in Methanol

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=American Herbal Pharmacopoeia & Therapeutic Compendium
| }}

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />

Coix lacryma-jobi (seed)

2014-08-18T23:59:49Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Coix lacryma-jobi'' (seed) }} {{askbox|herb=''Coix lacryma-jobi''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Coix lacryma-jobi
|authority=L.
|family=Poaceae
|scn=Job's tears
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=coix
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
{{Media2 | cat=Voucher
| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Coix lacryma-jobi Tropicos 39139.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/39139
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 30 Oct 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/39139>

| source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| image2=Coix lacryma-jobi Tropicos 100171742.jpg
| companyimage2=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100171742
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 30 Mar 2013<http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100171742>

| }}

{{Media3 | cat=Voucher

| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000004632
| mainimage=Coix_lacryma-jobi_Kew_imageBarcode=K000004632_618237.jpg
| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000004634
| image2=Coix_lacryma-jobi_Kew_imageBarcode=K000004634_618238.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000350931
| image3=Coix_lacryma-jobi_Kew_imageBarcode=K000246063_155535.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Coix lacryma-jobi -hptclc-association.png
| caption1=Job’s tears seed (seed) HPTLC ID - Phosphomolybdic acid reagent, white RT
| description=Job’s tears seed (seed) (''Coix lacryma-jobi'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, RP-18, F254
| mobilephase=Dichloromethane, acetic acid, acetone 20:40:50 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of petroleum benzene (40-60°C) and sonicate for 10 minutes. Concentrate solution to 1 mL under vacuum. Dilute 1:10 with petroleum benzene (40-60°C).

Derivatization reagent: Phosphomolybdic acid reagent, Preparation: 5 g of phosphomolybdic acid are dissolved in 200 mL of ethanol, Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 120°C for 5 min.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 2 mg of oleic acid in 1 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 µL Oleic acid
# '''2 µL Job’s tears seed 1'''
# 2 µL Job’s tears seed 2
# 2 µL Job’s tears seed 3
# 2 µL Job’s tears seed 4

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: Oleic acid: blue zone at Rf ~ 0.66; Blue zone at Rf ~ 0.72.

Identification: Compare result with reference images in. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a blue zone at Rf ~ 0.66 corresponding to reference oleic acid and right above it another blue zone (red arrows). Two weak blue zones are seen between Rf ~ 0.50 and 0.60. A cluster of four blue zones is detected between Rf ~ 0.25 and 0.40.

| }}
=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=

<references />

Cichorium intybus (root)

2014-08-18T23:55:34Z

Staffer: Fixed error in formatting

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Cichorium intybus'' (root) }} {{askbox|herb=''Cichorium intybus''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Cichorium intybus
|authority=L.
|family=Asteraceae
|scn=chicory
|syn=
|ayurvedic=kasni
|pinyin=ju ju (aboveground parts)
|aka=
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media2 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Cichorium intybus Tropicos 100157670.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100157670
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 21 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100157670>
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000796601
| image2=Cichorium_intybus_Kew_imageBarcode=K000796601_396892.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=The whole plant has a bitter taste, without acrimony or any very peculiar flavor. The taste is strongest in the root and weakest in the flowers.}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=A perennial herbaceous composite plant. }}
|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Cichorium_intybus_L._-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=Large tracheids observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| description= Chicory (root) (''Cichorium intybus L.'')
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2= Cichorium_intybus_L.-1-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption2=An irregular mass of inulin observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference= Pharmacopoeia of The Peoples Republic of China, Volume 1, 2005
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Chicory (root) (''Cichorium intybus'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Cichorium_intybus_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Cichorium intybus'' HPTLC ID - 10% Ethanolic Sulfuric Acid Reagent UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=CH2Cl2: Petroleum ether [8/2]
| prep=0.3 g + 3 ml CH3OH sonicated + heated @ 50° C ~ 1 hr.
| detection=10% Ethanolic H2SO4 -> 115° C 15 min -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 3 μL Oleanolic acid
# 3 μL ''Cichorium intybus''-1 Vouchered Specimen (root)
# 3 μL ''Cichorium intybus''-2 (root)
# 3 μL ''Cichorium intybus''-3 (root)
# 3 μL ''Cichorium intybus''-4 (root)
# 3 μL ''Cichorium intybus''-5 (root)
# 3 μL ''Cichorium intybus''-6 (root)
# 3 μL Ursolic Acid

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=Pharmacopoeia of The Peoples Republic of China, Volume 1, 2005
| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Cichorium intybus (root)

2014-08-18T23:55:04Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Cichorium intybus'' (root) }} {{askbox|herb=''Cichorium intybus''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Cichorium intybus
|authority=L.
|family=Asteraceae
|scn=chicory
|syn=
|ayurvedic=kasni
|pinyin=ju ju (aboveground parts)
|aka=
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Cichorium intybus Tropicos 100157670.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100157670
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 21 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100157670>
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000796601
| image2=Cichorium_intybus_Kew_imageBarcode=K000796601_396892.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=The whole plant has a bitter taste, without acrimony or any very peculiar flavor. The taste is strongest in the root and weakest in the flowers.}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=A perennial herbaceous composite plant. }}
|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Cichorium_intybus_L._-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=Large tracheids observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| description= Chicory (root) (''Cichorium intybus L.'')
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2= Cichorium_intybus_L.-1-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption2=An irregular mass of inulin observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference= Pharmacopoeia of The Peoples Republic of China, Volume 1, 2005
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Chicory (root) (''Cichorium intybus'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Cichorium_intybus_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Cichorium intybus'' HPTLC ID - 10% Ethanolic Sulfuric Acid Reagent UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=CH2Cl2: Petroleum ether [8/2]
| prep=0.3 g + 3 ml CH3OH sonicated + heated @ 50° C ~ 1 hr.
| detection=10% Ethanolic H2SO4 -> 115° C 15 min -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 3 μL Oleanolic acid
# 3 μL ''Cichorium intybus''-1 Vouchered Specimen (root)
# 3 μL ''Cichorium intybus''-2 (root)
# 3 μL ''Cichorium intybus''-3 (root)
# 3 μL ''Cichorium intybus''-4 (root)
# 3 μL ''Cichorium intybus''-5 (root)
# 3 μL ''Cichorium intybus''-6 (root)
# 3 μL Ursolic Acid

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=Pharmacopoeia of The Peoples Republic of China, Volume 1, 2005
| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Cnidium monnieri (seed)

2014-08-18T23:52:17Z

Staffer:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Cnidium monnieri'' (seed) }} {{askbox|herb=''Cnidium monnieri''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Cnidium monnieri
|authority=(L.) Cusson ex Juss.
|family=Apiaceae
|scn=cnidium
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=she chuang; she chuang zi (fruit)
|aka=
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media2 | cat=Voucher
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000685125
| mainimage=Cnidium_monnieri_Kew_imageBarcode=K000685125_298917.jpg
| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000685128
| image2=Cnidium_monnieri_Kew_imageBarcode=K000685128_298920.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2=Cnidium_monnieri-1_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=Calcium oxalate sub-prisms observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| description= Cnidium (seed) (''Cnidium monnieri '')
| mainimage=Cnidium_monnieri_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption2=Fragment of vittae with subrounded oil secretions observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference=Pharmacopoeia of The Peoples Republic of China, Volume 1, 2005
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=

<references />

Cinnamomum verum (bark)

2014-08-18T23:47:55Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Cinnamomum verum'' (bark) }} {{askbox|herb=''Cinnamomum verum''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Cinnamomum verum
|authority=J. Presl
|family=Lauraceae
|scn=cinnamon
|syn=
|ayurvedic=tvak
|pinyin=
|aka=Ceylon cinnamon; true cinnamon
|notes=}}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
{{Media3 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Cinnamomum verum Tropicos 100003409.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100003409
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 19 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100003409>

| source2=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
| image2=Cinnamomum verum AW17807JD1 A0075.jpg
| companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000350931
| image3=Cinnamomum_verum_Kew_imageBarcode=K000350931_44160.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
|description= 
| color=Rather light cinnamon brown (reddish brown).
| flavor=Sweet, pungent, slightly astringent.
| scent=Delicately fragrant and aromatic.}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=

{{ Media2 | cat=Macroscopy
| source=PlantaPhile
| mainimage=PlantaPhile - 899.jpg
| companyimage=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL=http://plantaphile.com/

| source2=PlantaPhile
| image2=PlantaPhile - 259.jpg
| companyimage2=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL2=http://plantaphile.com/
| }}

=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| characteristics=Histology much like that of ''[[Cinnamomum_aromaticum_(bark)|Cassia Cinnamon]]''; bast cells are more abundant and the cells of the outer cork wanting; starch less abundant. It is possible to distinguish this cinnamon from the other two by the larger sclerenchyma cells and absence of outer cork and epidermal tissues.
| ash=Ash 4 per cent.
| adulterants=Adulterations as for Cassia cinnamon; inferior cassia barks, clove bark, flour, inert vegetable substances.
| }}

{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
|companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
|companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Cinnamon 1.jpg
| caption1=Thick walled fiber when observed at 400X with Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.
| description= Ceylon cinnamon (bark) (''Cinnamomum verum'')
| image2=Cinnamon 2.jpg
| caption2=Large resin cells showing dark red contents observed at 400X with Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.
| reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2003
| }}
{{Media3 |cat=Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| source2=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| source3=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| mainimage=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_google_ver_cinnamon_verum.png
| caption1=Ceylon Cinnamon (powdered bark) (''Cinnamomum verum'') / (''Cinnamomum zeylanicum'' Nees)
| description=Ceylon Cinnamon (bark) (''Cinnamomum verum'') / (''Cinnamomum zeylanicum'' Nees)
| image2=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_google_ver_cinnamon_cassia.png
| caption2=Compare to ''[[Cinnamomum_aromaticum_(bark)|Cinnamon aromaticum]]''.
| image3=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_google_ver_cinnamon_loureiroi.png
| caption3=Compare to ''[[Cinnamomum_loureiroi_(bark)|Cinnamon loureiroi]]''.}}
|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=

<references />

Cnidium monnieri (seed)

2014-08-18T23:45:15Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Cnidium monnieri'' (seed) }} {{askbox|herb=''Cnidium monnieri''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Cnidium monnieri
|authority=(L.) Cusson ex Juss.
|family=Apiaceae
|scn=cnidium
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=she chuang; she chuang zi (fruit)
|aka=
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media | cat=Voucher
| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000685125
| mainimage=Cnidium_monnieri_Kew_imageBarcode=K000685125_298917.jpg
| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2=Cnidium_monnieri-1_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=Calcium oxalate sub-prisms observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| description= Cnidium (seed) (''Cnidium monnieri '')
| mainimage=Cnidium_monnieri_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption2=Fragment of vittae with subrounded oil secretions observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference=Pharmacopoeia of The Peoples Republic of China, Volume 1, 2005
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=

<references />

Chamaemelum nobile (flower)

2014-08-18T23:41:24Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Chamaemelum nobile'' (flower) }} {{askbox|herb=''Chamaemelum nobile''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Chamaemelum nobile
|authority=(L.) All.
|family=Asteraceae
|scn=Roman chamomile
|syn=''Anthemis nobilis'' L.
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=dog fennel; English chamomile
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media | cat=Voucher

| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000410976
| mainimage=Chamaemelum_nobile_Kew_imageBarcode=K000410976_69606.jpg
| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=The whole herb has a peculiar fragrant odor, and a bitter aromatic taste. [...] It is [...] in aromatic flavor [rather] than in bitterness that the radial florets are surpassed by those of the disk. [...] Strong aromatic odor; taste bitter.

Chamomile flowers are large, almost spherical, of a dull white color, a fragrant odor, and a warmish, bitter, aromatic taste. When fresh, their odor is much stronger, and was fancied by the ancients to resemble that of the apple. Hence the name chamaemelum; and it is somewhat singular that the Spanish name manzanilla (a little apple) has a similar derivation. }}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=''Anthemis nobilis'' is an herbaceous plant with a perennial root.
The stems are from six inches to a foot long, round, slender, downy, trailing, and divided into branches, which turn upward at their extremities. The leaves are bipinnate, the leaflets small, thread-like, somewhat pubescent, acute, and generally divided into three segments. The flowers are solitary, with a yellow convex disk, and white rays. The involucre is of a hemispherical form, and composed of several small imbricated hairy scales. The receptacle is convex, prominent, and furnished with rigid bristle-like paleae. The ray florets are numerous, narrow and terminated with three small teeth.

By cultivation the yellow disk florets are often converted into the white ray florets. Thus altered, the flowers are said to be double, while those which remain unchanged are called
single; but, as the conversion may be more or less complete, it generally happens that with each of the varieties there are intermingled some flowers of the other kind, or in different stages of the change. The double flowers are generally preferred; though, as the sensible properties are found in the greatest -degree in the disk florets, the single flower heads are the more powerful. [...] If not well and quickly dried, the flowers lose their beautiful white color, and are less efficient. The flowers which are largest, most double, and whitest should be preferred. They are thus described: "Flower-heads hemispherical, from about twelve to twenty millimetres in diameter, white or pale buff in color. Involucre composed of several rows of oblong bracts with membranous margins; receptable solid, conical, and densely covered with concave, blunt, narrow, scaly bracts; florets mostly ligulate and white, the ligula possessing four veins and terminating in three teeth." Br}}

=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.Alkemist.com
| mainimage=Roman_chamomile.jpg
| caption1=Thin walled cells of paleae seen in polarized light observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.Alkemist.com
| image2=Roman_chamomile-1.jpg
| caption2=Long covering trichome with 4 short basal cells observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| characteristics=cellular structures identified in this botanical specimen are the thin walled cells of paleae seen in polarized light and the long covering trichome with 4 short basal cells when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2003 or Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals, Max Wichtl, 3rd ed., 2004
| }}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Chamaemelum nobile-Anisaldehyde reagent, UV 366 nm-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=Roman chamomile (flower) HPTLC ID - Anisaldehyde reagent, UV 366 nm
| description=Roman chamomile (flower) (''Chamaemelum nobile'')
| image2=Chamaemelum nobile-Anisaldeyhde reagent, white RT-hptlc-association.png
| caption2=Roman chamomile (flower) HPTLC ID - Anisaldeyhde reagent, white RT
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, cyclohexane 1:1 (v/v)
| prep=Sample:Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions. Dissolve 10 µL of the essential oil in 1 mL of toluene.

Derivatization reagent: Anisaldehyde reagent; Preparation: 170 mL of ice-cooled methanol are mixed with 20 mL of acetic acid, 10 mL of sulfuric acid and 1 mL of anisaldehyde; Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 4 min.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 1.5 mg of apigenin in 5 mL of methanol. Dissolve 1 mg of parthenolide in 5 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 1 µL Feverfew flower from Mexico
# 2 µL Feverfew flower from Mexico
# 4 µL Feverfew flower from Mexico
# 3 µL Feverfew flower
# 3.5 µL Feverfew flower
# 4 µL Feverfew flower
# 2 µL Parthenolide
# 2 µL Apigenin
# 1 µL Roman Chamomile flower
# '''2 µL Roman Chamomile flower'''
# 4 µL Roman Chamomile flower
# 1 µL Matricaria flower
# 2 µL Matricaria flower
# 4 µL Matricaria flower
# 1 µL Matricaria flower oil

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test (UV 366 nm): Apigenin: blue zone at Rf ~ 0.20; Parthenolide: pink zone at Rf ~ 0.48

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. Under UV 366 nm the chromatogram of the test solution shows a strongly tailing blue zone at the position of reference substance apigenin at Rf ~ 0.20. There is a characteristic greenish zone (red zone under white light) at Rf ~ 0.30 and an intense orange zone (violet zone under white light) at Rf ~ 0.7 (yellow arrows).

Test for adulteration: Under UV 366 nm there are no intense red zones (violet zone under white light) between Rf ~ 0.20 and 0.30. No blue zone is seen at the position of parthenolide (orange arrows; Feverfew flower from Mexico). Under UV 366 nm no pink zone (violet zone under white light) at Rf ~ 0.48 corresponding to reference substance parthenolide is seen and there are no brown zones at the position of apigenin at Rf ~ 0.20 (green arrows, Feverfew flower). Under UV 366 nm no blue zone is seen at the position of parthenolide (blue arrow; Chamomile flower). Chamomile flower oil does not show any zones below Rf ~ 0.60.
| }}
=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=

<references />

Centella asiatica (aerial parts)

2014-08-18T23:38:03Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Centella asiatica'' (aerial parts)}} {{askbox|herb=''Centella asiatica''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Centella asiatica
|authority=(L.) Urb.
|family=Apiaceae
|scn=gotu kola
|syn=''Hydrocotyle asiatica'' L.
|ayurvedic=brahmi; mandukaparni
|pinyin=ji xue cao; ji xue cao (whole plant); luo-de-da (whole plant); ma ti cao (whole plant)
|aka=Asiatic pennywort; Indian pennywort
|notes=Ed. Note: As a general rule ''Centella asiatica'' is called "brahmi" in north and west India and "mandukaparni" in Kerala (south India); whereas ''Bacopa monnieri'' is "brahmi" in Kerala and "mandukaparni" in north and west India. }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media3 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Centella asiatica Tropicos 100179495.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100179495
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 19 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100179495>

| source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| image2=Centella asiatica Tropicos 100179676.jpg
| companyimage2=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100179676

| source3=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| image3=Centella asiatica Tropicos 100179484.jpg
| companyimage3=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100179484

| }}

{{Media2 | cat=Voucher

| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000686115
| mainimage=Centella_asiatica_Kew_imageBarcode=K000686115_297461.jpg
| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K00068610
| image2=Centella_asiatica_Kew_imageBarcode=K000686108_297453.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=

{{ Media2 | cat=Macroscopy
| source=PlantaPhile
| mainimage=PlantaPhile - 098.jpg
| companyimage=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL=http://plantaphile.com/

| source2=PlantaPhile
| image2=PlantaPhile - 3047.jpg
| companyimage2=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL2=http://plantaphile.com/
| }}

=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.Alkemist.com
| characteristics=Cellular structures identified in this botanical specimens are the rosettes of calcium oxalate found within the palisade cells below leaf epidermis and the epidermis of the leaf showing striated cuticle and numerous stomata.
| reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2011
| }}

{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy |companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com
|companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2= http://www.alkemist.com
|mainimage= Gotu Kola-1.jpg
|caption1= Rosettes of calcium oxalate found within the palisade cells below leaf epidermis observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution
|source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
|image2= Gotu Kola-2.jpg
|caption2= Epidermis of the leaf showing striated cuticle and numerous stomata observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution
|source2= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories}}

|}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Gotu Kola (aerial parts) (''Centella asiatica'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Centella_asiatica_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Centella asiatica'' HPTLC ID - Vanillin Sulfuric Acid Reagent UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=chloroform: glacial acetic acid: methanol: water [6/3.2/1.2/0.8]
| prep=0.3 g + 3 ml CH3OH sonicated + heated @ 50° C ~ 1 hr
| detection=Vanillin/H2SO4 Reagent -> 110° C 5 min -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 3 μL Asiaticoside ~0.1% in Methanol
# 3 μL ''Centella asiatica''-1 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Centella asiatica''-2 (aerial parts)
# 3 μL ''Centella asiatica''-3 (aerial parts)
# 3 μL ''Centella asiatica''-3 (aerial parts)
# 3 μL ''Centella asiatica''-4 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Centella asiatica''-5 (herb)
# 3 μL Asiaticoside ~0.1% in Methanol

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=W.H.O. Monographs Vol. #1 1999
| }}

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />

Carum carvi (fruit)

2014-08-18T22:54:33Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Carum carvi'' (fruit) }} {{askbox|herb=''Carum carvi''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Carum carvi
|authority=L.
|family=Apiaceae
|scn=caraway
|syn=
|ayurvedic=krishna jiraka
|pinyin=
|aka=
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Carum_carvi_Tropicos_88617.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/88617
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/88617>

| source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| image2=Carum_carvi_Tropicos_100191838.jpg
| companyimage2=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100191838
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100191838>

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000685656
| image3=Carum_carvi_Kew_imageBarcode=K000685656_303635.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000685658
| image4=Carum_carvi_Kew_imageBarcode=K000685658_303637.jpg
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
=Microscopic Characteristics=
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Pimpinella anisum-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=Anise fruit (seed) HPTLC ID - NP and PEG reagent, UV 366 nm (Image electronically enhanced)
| description=Anise fruit (seed) (''Pimpinella anisum'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, formic acid, water 15:1:1 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 500 mg of powdered sample with 5 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: NP and PEG reagent; Preparation NP reagent: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 mL ethyl acetate; Preparation PEG reagent: 10 g of polyethyleneglycole 400 in 200 mL dichloromethane; Use: Heat for 3 min to 100°C, dip (time 0, speed 5) in NP reagent while still hot, dry, dip in PEG reagent.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 3 mg of rutin in 1 mL of methanol. Dissolve 1 mg of caffeic acid in 1 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 1 µL Anise fruit 1
# '''3 µL Anise fruit 1'''
# 6 µL Anise fruit 1
# 3 µL Anise fruit 2
# 1 µL Caraway fruit 1
# 3 µL Caraway fruit 1
# 6 µL Caraway fruit 1
# 3 µL Caraway fruit 2
# 3 / 1µL Rutin, Caffeic acid (with incr. Rf)
# 3 µL Bitter Fennel fruit 1
# 3 µL Bitter Fennel fruit 2
# 3 µL Sweet Fennel fruit 1
# 3 µL Sweet Fennel fruit 2
# 3 µL Wild Fennel fruit
# 3 µL Fennel tea

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: Rutin: orange fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.07; Caffeic acid: light bluish fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.77.

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. In the upper part of the chromatogram there are three prominent zones: a light blue zone at Rf ~ 0.88, a yellow zone at Rf ~ 0.76 and a light blue zone at Rf ~ 0.61. In the lower part of the chromatogram there is a sequence of three zones (yellow, light blue, yellowish) between Rf ~ 0.15 and 0.26. Right above the application position there is a yellow zone.

Test for adulteration: In the middle of the chromatogram there are neither yellow zones at Rf ~ 0.32 and Rf ~ 0.38 (red arrows, Caraway fruit) nor a faint dark blue zone at Rf ~ 0.32 (blue arrow, Bitter Fennel fruit) nor a light blue zone at Rf ~ 0.53 (yellow arrow, Sweet Fennel fruit).

| }}

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Carum carvi-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=Caraway fruit (flavonoids) HPTLC ID - NP and PEG reagent, UV 366 nm (Image electronically enhanced)
| description=Caraway fruit (flavonoids) (''Carum carvi'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, formic acid, water 15:1:1 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 500 mg of powdered sample with 5 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: 1.) NP reagent, Preparation: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 mL ethyl acetate; 2.) PEG reagent, Preparation: 10 g of polyethylene glycol 400 in 200 mL dichloromethane, Use: Heat plate 3 min at 100°C, then dip (time 0, speed 5) in NP reagent while still hot, dry and dip (time 0, speed 5) in PEG reagent.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 3 mg of rutin in 1 mL of methanol. Dissolve 1 mg of caffeic acid in 1 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 1 µL Anise fruit 1
# 3 µL Anise fruit 1
# 6 µL Anise fruit 1
# 3 µL Anise fruit 2
# 1 µL Caraway fruit 1
# '''3 µL Caraway fruit 1'''
# 6 µL Caraway fruit 1
# '''3 µL Caraway fruit 2'''
# 3 / 1µL Rutin, Caffeic acid (with incr. Rf)
# 3 µL Bitter Fennel fruit 1
# 3 µL Bitter Fennel fruit 2
# 3 µL Sweet Fennel fruit 1
# 3 µL Sweet Fennel fruit 2
# 3 µL Wild Fennel fruit
# 3 µL Fennel tea

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: Rutin: orange zone at Rf ~ 0.07; Caffeic acid: light bluish zone at Rf ~ 0.77

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a brown zone at Rf ~ 0.23 and a light blue zone right above it at Rf ~ 0.20. Between Rf ~ 0.30 and 0.41 there are three zones (yellowish, brownish and light blue). Above these zones a weak brown zone at Rf ~ 0.51 is present and a light blue zone at Rf ~ 0.61 is seen.

Test for other species: No yellow zone is seen at Rf ~ 0.04, 0.16 and 0.76 (yellow arrows, Anise fruit). No greenish blue zone is seen at Rf ~ 0.53 (red arrow, Sweet Fennel fruit) and no blue zone is seen at Rf ~ 0.32 (blue arrow, Bitter Fennel fruit).

| }}

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Carum carvi fruit-UV 254 nm-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=Caraway (fruit) HPTLC ID - UV 254 nm
| description=Caraway (fruit) (''Carum carvi'')
| image2=Carum carvi fruit-Anisaldehyde reagent, white RT-hptlc-association.png
| caption2=Caraway (fruit) HPTLC ID - Anisaldehyde reagent, white RT
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, toluene 5:95 (v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions. (Caraway oil: Dissolve 40 µL of sample in 1 mL of toluene.)

Derivatization reagent: Anisaldehyde reagent; Preparation: 170 mL of ice cooled methanol are mixed with 20 mL of acetic acid, 10 mL of sulfuric acid and 1 mL of anisaldehyde; Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 4 min.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 2 µL of carvone in 1 mL of ethyl acetate. Dissolve 5 µL of olive oil in 1 mL of ethyl acetate.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 1 µL Caraway fruit 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 2 µL Caraway fruit 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 4 µL Caraway fruit 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 1 µL Caraway fruit 1
# '''2 µL Caraway fruit 1'''
# 4 µL Caraway fruit 1
# 2 µL Carvone
# 2 µL Olive oil
# '''2 µL Caraway fruit 2'''
# '''2 µL Caraway fruit 3'''
# '''2 µL Caraway fruit 4'''
# 2 µL Caraway oil 1
# 2 µL Caraway oil 2
# 2 µL Caraway oil 3

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: Carvone: a brown zone at Rf ~ 0.39 (WRT); Olive oil: a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.62 (WRT)

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. Under UV 254 nm the chromatogram of the test solution shows a quenching zone at the position of carvone reference substance at Rf ~ 0.39. After derivatization there is a brown zone at the position of carvone at Rf ~ 0.39 and a violet zone at the position of the olive oil reference substance at Rf ~ 0.62. Furthermore there is a weak violet zone close to the solvent and another violet zone at Rf ~ 0.14 (black arrows).

Test for Caraway essential oil: After derivatization no blue violet zones are present below the position of carvone (red arrow).

| }}

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Carum carvi oil-UV 254 nm-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=Caraway oil (fruit) HPTLC ID - UV 254 nm
| description=Caraway oil (fruit) (''Carum carvi'')
| image2=Carum carvi oil-Anisaldehyde reagent, white RT-hptlc-association.png
| caption2=Caraway oil (fruit) HPTLC ID - Anisaldehyde reagent, white RT
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, toluene 5:95 (v/v)
| prep=Sample: Dissolve 40 µL of sample in 1 mL toluene. (Caraway fruit: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.)

Derivatization reagent: Anisaldehyde reagent; Preparation: 170 mL of ice cooled methanol are mixed with 20 mL of acetic acid, 10 mL of sulfuric acid and 1 mL of anisaldehyde. Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 4 min.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 2 µL of carvone in 1 mL of ethyl acetate. Dissolve 5 µL of olive oil in 1 mL of ethyl acetate.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 1 µL Caraway fruit 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 2 µL Caraway fruit 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 4 µL Caraway fruit 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 1 µL Caraway fruit 1
# 2 µL Caraway fruit 1
# 4 µL Caraway fruit 1
# 2 µL Carvone
# 2 µL Olive oil
# 2 µL Caraway fruit 2
# 2 µL Caraway fruit 3
# 2 µL Caraway fruit 4
# '''2 µL Caraway oil 1'''
# '''2 µL Caraway oil 2'''
# '''2 µL Caraway oil 3'''

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test (WRT): Carvone: a brown zone at Rf ~ 0.39; Olive oil: a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.62

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. Under UV 254 nm the chromatogram of the test solution shows a quenching zone corresponding to the reference material carvone at Rf ~ 0.39. After derivatization there is a brown zone at the position of carvone at Rf ~ 0.39. Above this zone several weak blue-violet zones are present (red arrow). (The reddish-violet zone at Rf ~ 0.19 is carveol).

Test for “adulteration”: After derivatization there is no violet zone at the position of the olive oil reference substance at Rf ~ 0.62.

| }}
=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Capsicum annuum (fruit)

2014-08-18T22:50:37Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Capsicum annuum'' (fruit) }} {{askbox|herb=''Capsicum annuum''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Capsicum annuum
|authority=L. var. annuum
|family=Solanaceae
|scn=cayenne
|syn=''Capsicum frutescens'' L.
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=cayenne pepper; chili pepper; paprika; red pepper; tabasco pepper
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media3 |cat=Voucher | source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Capsicum annuum Tropicos 100018388.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100018388
| description=Cayenne (''Capsicum annuum'')
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Sep 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100018388>.
| source2=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
| image2=Capsicum annuum CAW18508BSI1 A0060.jpg
| companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| caption2=''Capsicum annuum'' L. var annuum - Botanical Voucher Specimen - Alkemists Laboratories

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000592613
| image3=Capsicum_annuum_Kew_imageBarcode=K000592613_375476.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
=Macroscopic Characteristics=

{{Media2 |cat=Macroscopy
| mainimage=Capsicum annuum L. var annuum -Solanaceae- Macro.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| caption1=''Capsicum annuum'' L. var annuum - Botanical Powdered Fruit material - Alkemist Laboratories
| source=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
|
| source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| companyimage2=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/83419
| image2=Capsicum annuum Tropicos 83419.jpg
| caption2=''Capsicum annuum'' - Tropicos.org (Manual of Vascular Plants of the Lower Yangtze Valley China Illustration fig. 329
| reference2= Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Sep 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/83419>.)}}

=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy| source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Capsicum_annuum_L._var_annuum_-Solanaceae-_micro_red_oil.jpg
| caption1=Red oil secretions viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Soln.
| description=Cayenne (fruit) (''Capsicum annuum'' var. ''annuum'' L.)
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com

| image2=Capsicum_annuum_L._var_annuum_-Solanaceae-_yellow_cells_of_testa_epidermis.jpg
| caption2=Large yellow cells of the testa epidermis with wavy, strongly thickened and pitted radial inner walls viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Soln.
| reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2011
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Cayenne (fruit) (''Capsicum annuum'' var. ''annuum'' L.)
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Capsicum_annuum_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Capsicum annuum'' var. ''annuum'' L. HPTLC ID - Vanillin Sulfuric Acid White RT
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=toluene: ethyl acetate [7/3]
| prep=0.5g+5ml dichloromethane, sncte/cntrfge/dcnt, evap dry (N2), qs 1.0 ml Toluene
| detection=Vanillin/H2SO4 Reagent -> 110° C 5 min -> Visible light
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 μL Capsaicin ~0.1% in Methanol
# 2 μL ''Capsicum annuum'' var. ''annuum'' L.-1 (fruit)
# 2 μL ''Capsicum annuum'' var. ''annuum'' L.-2 (fruit)
# 2 μL ''Capsicum annuum'' var. ''annuum'' L.-3 (fruit)
# 2 μL ''Capsicum annuum'' var. ''annuum'' L.-3 (fruit)
# 2 μL ''Capsicum annuum'' var. ''annuum'' L.-4 (fruit)
# 2 μL ''Capsicum annuum'' var. ''annuum'' L.-5 (fruit)
# 2 μL Capsaicin ~0.1% in Methanol

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1996
| }}

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Capsicum annuum fruit-hptclc-association.png
| caption1=''Capsicum annum / Capsicum frutescens'' HPTLC ID - Dichloroquinone chlorimide reagent and ammonia vapour, white RT
| description=Cayenne pepper (fruit) (''Capsicum annum / Capsicum frutescens'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, RP-18, F254
| mobilephase=Water, methanol 20:80 (v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: Dichloroquinone chlorimide reagent
Preparation: 50 mg dichloroquinone chlorimide in 200 mL of ethyl acetate
Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), dry with cold air for 5 min, then expose to ammonia vapor
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 2 mg of capsaicin in 5 mL of methanol. Dissolve 2 mg of dihydrocapsaicin in 5 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 3 µL Capsicum annum (Ph.Eur.)
# 4 µL Capsicum annum (Ph.Eur.)
# 5 µL Capsicum annum (Ph.Eur.)
# 3 µL Capsicum annum
# '''4 µL Capsicum annum'''
# 5 µL Capsicum annum
# 2 µL Capsaicin
# 2 µL Dihydrocapsaicin
# 2 µL Capsicum frutescens 1
# 2 µL Capsicum frutescens 2
# 8 µL Cayenne pepper 1
# 10 µL Cayenne pepper 1
# 6 µL Cayenne pepper 2
# 8 µL Cayenne pepper 2

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: Capsaicin: blue zone at Rf ~ 0.47; Dihydrocapsaicin: blue zone at Rf ~ 0.40

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows two blue zones at Rf ~ 0.40 and Rf ~ 0.47.

| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Camellia sinensis (leaf)

2014-08-18T22:49:38Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Camellia sinensis'' (leaf)}} {{askbox|herb=''Camellia sinensis''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Camellia sinensis
|authority=(L.) Kuntze
|family=Theaceae
|scn=tea
|syn=''Thea sinensis'' L.
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=black tea; Chinese tea; green tea
|notes= See text. }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 |cat=Voucher |companyimage= TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL= http://www.tropicos.org/Image/30076
|companyimage2= TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL2= http://www.tropicos.org/Image/30070
|companyimage3= TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL3= http://www.tropicos.org/Image/30074
|mainimage=Camellia sinensis Tropicos 30076.jpg
|reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Sep 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/30076>
|image2=Camellia sinensis Tropicos 30070.jpg
|reference2=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Sep 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/30070>
|image3= Camellia sinensis Tropicos 30074.jpg
|reference3=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Sep 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/30074>
|source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org.
|source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org.
|source3=MOBOT, Tropicos.org.

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000894813
| image4=Camellia_sinensis_Kew_imageBarcode=K000894813_523029.jpg
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
| {{Macroscopy | source=American Herbal Products Association. March 2013. ''Organoleptic Analysis of Herbal Ingredients.'' AHPA: Silver Spring, MD
| description=
'''Aroma/Odor:''' Characteristic
'''Flavor/Taste:''' Drying, astringent}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=Clayton et al. ''Compendium of food microscopy'' (1909).
| description= "Youngest leaves narrow, downy, and but slightly serrated. Leaves next in age and size delicately serrated, but venation little perceptible. Leaves of medium and large sizes strongly, deeply, and widely serrated, with well-marked venation, a series of characteristic loops being formed along each margin of the leaves."}}

{{Media4 |cat=Macroscopy |companyimage= Encyclopedia of Life logo.png
| companyURL= http://eol.org/data_objects/2445507
|companyimage2= Encyclopedia of Life logo.png
| companyURL2= http://eol.org/data_objects/19242832
|companyimage3= Encyclopedia of Life logo.png
| companyURL3= http://eol.org/data_objects/25801092
|companyimage4= Encyclopedia of Life logo.png
| companyURL4= http://eol.org/data_objects/19242831

|mainimage= Tea plantation, Kerala, India (February 2009) 49475 orig.jpg
|caption1= Tea plantation, Kerala, India (February 2009)
|source=Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/2445507
|image2=Fresh leaf, Honde Valley, Zimbabwe (December 2010) 52438 orig.jpg
|caption2= Fresh leaf, Honde Valley, Zimbabwe (December 2010)
|source2=Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/19242832
|image3=Camellia sinensis - EOL - Flower, Sun Moon Lake, central Taiwan (March 2009) 28819 orig.jpg
|caption3= Flower, Sun Moon Lake, central Taiwan (March 2009)
|source3=Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/25801092
|image4=Camellia sinensis - EOL - Fruit, Honde Valley, Zimbabwe (December 2010) 88447 orig.jpg
|caption4= Fruit, Honde Valley, Zimbabwe (December 2010)
|source4=Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/19242831}}

{{Media2 |cat=Macroscopy|companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2= http://www.alkemist.com
|mainimage=Camellia sinensis - Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen und kurz erläuterndem Texte.jpg
|source= Köhler, Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen und kurz erläuterndem Texte (1887)
|image2= Alkemists_Camellia_sinensis_(L.)_Kuntze_-Theaceae-_Macro.jpg
|caption2= Macroscopic image of cut and sifted ''Camellia sinensis''
|source2= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com}}

|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=Clayton et al. ''Compendium of food microscopy'' (1909).
| description= "1. Upper epidermal cells small and only slightly angular, in leaf of medium size; but larger, more angular, and with walls more distinctly visible, in the old and hard leaf. Hairs and stomata absent. Parenchymal cells similar to those of most other leaves, and not very distinctive. 2. Cells of the lower epidermis larger than those of the upper surface, and associated with stomata and hairs. Stomata, oval or sometimes nearly round, formed of two reniform cells (guard cells) encircling a very apparent aperture; rather numerous, and confined to the under surface of the leaves. The epidermal cells are themselves curved in the neighborhood of the stomata. Hairs short, pointed, and undivided; confined to the under surface of the leaf: very numerous on young leaves, less abundant on old leaves. Wood fibre not characteristic."}}

{{Microscopy | source=Greenish, H. et. al. (1908) An Anatomical Atlas of Vegetable Powders
| characteristics=
'''Transverse Section:''' “…The upper epidermis is composed of cells with undulating walls and covered with a rather thick cuticle. The lower epidermis consists of smaller cells and is alone provided with stomata; the latter are surrounded by three or four tangentially elongated cells.
Simple hairs occur on both surfaces of the leaf, but they are more abundant on the lower; the number, however, varies with the variety of tea, and with the age of the leaf; they are unicellular, tapering and rather thick walled, varying very much in length, but often attaining 500-700 microns.
The mesophyll is heterogeneous and asymmetrical. It is characterized by the presence of a large number of ''sclerenchymatous idioblasts''. These are more or less branched and warty and often extend transversely from the upper to the lower epidermis. They vary much in shape and in the thickness of the walls. The cells of the spongy parenchyma contain cluster crystals of calcium oxalate.
The midrib is biconvex. Under each epidermis there is a layer of collenchyma of varying thickness. The wood is arched and the bast contains crystals of calcium oxalate. The meristele is surrounded by a pericycle consisting of slightly lignified cells arranged in circle. The cortical tissue contains idioblasts which are usually rather larger and more branched than those of the mesophyll.
The little fragments of the stems, which are often to be found in ordinary tea, have a slightly different structure. The wood in them forms a circle within which there is a pith containing branched idioblasts; these have comparatively thin, pitted walls.”

'''Powder:''' “…The diagnostic characters of powdered tea are:- The characteristic hairs. The sclerenchymatous idioblasts, especially in petiole and midrib. The stomata surrounded by tangentially elongated cells. The calcium oxalate in cluster crystals.” }}

{{Media4 |cat=Microscopy |companyimage= TMLogoK832X75.jpg
| companyURL= http://www.traditionalmedicinals.com
|companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2= http://www.alkemist.com
|companyimage3= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL3= http://www.alkemist.com
|mainimage= HGRNOA 18974 twin ca oxalate, 200x.jpg
|caption1= Twin calcium oxalate crystals, polarized. 200X glyercin : deionized water solution.
|source= Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals
|image2= Alkemists_Camellia_sinensis_(L.)_Kuntze_-Theaceae-_irregular_and_branched_astrosclereid_from_the_leaf.jpg
|caption2= Irregular and branched astrosclereid from ''Camellia sinensis'' leaf viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Soln.
|source2= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
|image3= Alkemists_Camellia_sinensis_(L.)_Kuntze_-Theaceae-_thick_walled_unicellular_trichome.jpg
|caption3= Thick walled unicellular trichome viewed at 400x under polarized light with Acidified Chloral Hydrate.
|source3= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
|image4= 12 0206 Camellia sinensis plate from Greenish et al Anotomical Atlas.JPG
|source4= Greenish, H. et. al. (1908) An Anatomical Atlas of Vegetable Powders}}

|}
=Liquid Chromatographic Identification=
{| border=1
|{{Botanical | source=Indena S.p.A.
| companyURL=http://www.indena.com/
| companyimage=Indena - Logo.png
|mainimage=Camellia sinensis - Indena UPLC -.png
|caption1=UPLC
|
| description=''Camellia sinensis'' (leaf)
'''UPLC'''

'''Extraction Solvent:''' Acetone & water (80:20)

'''Diluent:''' 0.5% formic acid in water

'''Test Sample Preparation:''' Transfer 1 g of ground plant material into a screw cap bottle, add 50 ml of Extraction Solvent, tightly cap, and shake for 4 h in a mechanical shaker at room temperature. Filter about 10 ml of extract using a 0.20 um PTFE membrane filter. Dilute 2.0 ml of filtered solution to 10 mL with Diluent.

'''Column:''' 100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 um, Waters Acquity BEH C18

'''Mobile Phase:''' 0.5% formic acid in acetonitrile (Solution A) and 0.5% formic acid in water (Solution B)

'''Elution:''' Gradient, see Table below

'''Column Temperature:''' 30°C

'''Flow rate:''' See Table below

'''Detection:''' UV, 274 nm

'''Injection volume:''' 1.0 uL, maintained at 10°C

'''Needle wash:''' Acetonitrile}}

'''Table: Gradient program'''

{| border=1
| Time (min) || Solution A (%) || Solution B (%) || Flow Rate (mL/min)
|-
| 0-0.3 || 5 || 95 || 0.35
|-
| 0.3-7.0 || 12.3 || 87.7 || 0.35
|-
| 7.0-12.3 || 13.8 || 86.2 || 0.35
|-
| 12.3-13.0 || 95 || 5 || 0.4
|-
| 13.0-14.5 || 95.5 || 5 || 0.4
|-
| 14.5-14.6 || 5 || 95 || 0.4
|-
| 14.6-15.5 || 5 || 95 || 0.35
|}
|}
 
{| border=1
|
{{Botanical | source=Indena S.p.A.
| companyURL=http://www.indena.com/
| companyimage=Indena - Logo.png
|mainimage=Camellia sinensis - Indena HPLC.png
|caption1=HPLC
|
| description=''Camellia sinensis'' (leaf)
'''HPLC'''

'''Extraction Solvent:''' Acetone, water (80:20)

'''Diluent:''' 0.05% formic acid in water

'''Test Sample Preparation:''' Transfer 1 g of ground plant material into a screw cap bottle, add 50 ml of Extraction Solvent, tightly cap, and shake for 4 h in a mechanical shaker at room temperature. Filter about 10 ml of extract using a 0.20 um PTFE membrane filter. Dilute 2.0 ml of filtered solution to 10 mL with Diluent.

'''Column:''' 15-cm x 4.6-mm, 3 um, YMC-Pack ODS-A

'''Mobile Phase:''' 0.05% formic acid in water (Solution A), 0.05% formic acid in methanol (Solution B), and acetonitrile (Solution C)

'''Elution:''' Gradient, see Tables below

'''Column Temperature:''' 40°C

'''Flow rate:''' 1.0 mL/min

'''Detection:''' UV, 274 nm

'''Injection volume:''' 10 uL}}

'''Table for HPLC systems with dwell volume ˂ 2.0 mL'''
{| border=1
| Time (min) || Solution A (%) || Solution B (%) || Solution C (%)
|-
| 0.0-5.0 || 97 || 0 || 3
|-
| 5.0-23.0 || 67 || 30 || 3
|-
| 23.0-29.0 || 67 || 30 || 3
|-
| 29.0-30.0 || 30 || 67 || 3
|-
| 30.0-31.0 || 30 || 67 || 3
|-
| 31.0-31.5 || 97 || 0 || 3
|-
| 31.5-36.0 || 97 || 0 || 3
|}

'''Table for HPLC systems with dwell volume > 4.0 mL'''

{| border=1
| Time (min) || Solution A (%) || Solution B (%) || Solution C (%)
|-
| 0.0-1.0 || 97 || 0 || 3
|-
| 1.0-19.0 || 67 || 30 || 3
|-
| 19.0-25.0 || 67 || 30 || 3
|-
| 25.0-26.0 || 30 || 67 || 3
|-
| 26.0-27.0 || 30 || 67 || 3
|-
| 27.0-27.5 || 97 || 0 || 3
|-
| 27.5-36.0 || 97 || 0 || 3
|}
|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Green Tea (leaf) (''Camellia sinensis'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Camellia_sinensis_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Camellia sinensis'' HPTLC ID - Vanillin Sulfuric Acid UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=CHCl3: ethyl formate: HCOOH [5/4/1]
| prep=0.3 g + 3ml 70% grain EtOH sonicated + heated @ 50° C ~ 1 hr
| detection=Vanillin/H2SO4 Reagent -> 110° C 5 min -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 μL Epicatechin ~0.1% in Methanol
# 3 μL ''Camellia sinensis''-1 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Camellia sinensis''-2 (leaf)
# 3 μL ''Camellia sinensis''-3 (herb)
# 3 μL ''Camellia sinensis''-3 (herb)
# 4 μL ''Camellia sinensis''-4 (leaf)
# 2 μL ''Camellia sinensis''-5 (leaf)
# 2 μL Epigallocatechin Gallate ~0.1% in Methanol

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals, Wichtl, M., 1994
| }}

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Camellia sinensis-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=Green Tea (leaf) HPTLC ID - Fast Blue salt B reagent, white RT
| description=Green Tea (leaf) (''Camellia sinensis'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Toluene, acetone, formic acid 9:9:2 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 100 mg of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol, water 4:1 and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: Fast Blue salt B reagent; Preparation: dissolve 140 mg of Fast Blue salt B in 10 mL of water and add 140 mL of methanol and 50 mL of dichloromethane. Store reagent in the dark at 4°C; Use: preheat the plate to 100°C for 2 min, then dip (time 0, speed 5), dry for 5 min in the fume hood.
| detection=Unsaturated chamber; developing distance 60 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference:Individually dissolve 1 mg of (-)-epigallocatechin and 1 mg of (-)-epicatechin gallate each in 20 mL of methanol; Optional: Individually dissolve 1 mg of (-)-epigallo-catechin-3-O-gallate and 1 mg of (-)-epicatechin each in 20 mL of methanol; Store all solutions at -20°C.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 5 µL (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate
# 5 µL (-)-Epigallocatechin
# 5 µL (-)-Epicatechin gallate
# 5 µL (-)-Epicatechin
# '''1 µL Green Tea leaf 1'''
# '''1 µL Green Tea leaf 2'''
# '''1 µL Green Tea leaf 3'''
# '''1 µL Green Tea leaf 4'''

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''
System suitability test: (-)-Epigallocatechin: brown zone at Rf ~ 0.46; (-)-Epicatechin gallate: brown zone at Rf ~ 0.52

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows four brownish-orange zones corresponding to reference substance epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (Rf ~ 0.37), (-)-epigallocatechin (Rf ~ 0.46), (-)-epicatechin gallate (Rf ~ 0.52), and (-)-epicatechin (Rf ~ 0.62). The lowest zone is the most intense and the upper zone is the faintest. The two zones in between are clearly separated (black arrows).
| }}

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />

Calendula officinalis (flower)

2014-08-18T22:42:35Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Calendula officinalis'' (flower) }} {{askbox|herb=''Calendula officinalis''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Calendula officinalis
|authority=L.
|family=Asteraceae
|scn=calendula
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=marigold; pot marigold
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100229512
| mainimage=Calendula officinalis 100229512.jpg
| source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| companyimage2=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/89040
| image2=Calendula officinalis 89040.jpg
| description=Marigold (''Calendula officinalis'')
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 17 Oct 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100229512>, Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 17 Oct 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/89040>.

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000797460
| image3=Calendula_officinalis_Kew_imageBarcode=K000797460_435314.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000797462
| image4=Calendula_officinalis_Kew_imageBarcode=K000797462_435316.jpg
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=The dried ligulate florets of ''Calendula officinalis'' Linne.

The odor is much stronger in the fresh than in the dry flowers, and on exposure to light, the orange-red or yellow color fades. }}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=

{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=The dried ligulate florets of ''Calendula officinalis'' Linne.

The N. F. drug is described as in "florets from 15 to 25 mm. in length, yellow- or orange-colored, one to three-toothed, four- to five-veined, margin nearly entire, the short hairy tube occasionally enclosing the remnants of a filiform style and bifid stigma."}}

{{Media |cat=Macroscopy | source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/83485
| mainimage=Calendula officinalis 83485.jpg
| caption1=''Calendula officinalis'' - Tropicos.org (Manual of Vascular Plants of the Lower Yangtze Valley China Illustration fig. 389)
| reference=Missouri Botanical Garden. 29 Oct 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/83485>.}}

|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=The dried ligulate florets of ''Calendula officinalis'' Linne.

The powdered drug is light yellow to orange-yellow and, when examined under the microscope, exhibits a few characteristic, non-glandular hairs, consisting of a double row of thin-walled, more or less collapsed cells, with a one- or two-celled summit, and up to about 0.8 mm. in length; elongated epidermal cells with thin, somewhat wavy walls, a striated surface, and containing irregular chromo-plasts and oil-like globules, the latter coalescing when mounted in hydrated chloral T.S.; pollen grains, more or less spherical, with numerous spiniae projections, three pored, and up to 0.04 mm. in diameter; tracheae about 0.009 mm. in width with spiral and annular markings; prisms or rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate from 0.002 to 0.004 mm. in diameter.
}}

{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy
| source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Calendula_officinalis_L._-Asteraceae--1.jpg
| caption1=Large spherical pollen grain showing sharp spiny exine with three pores from ''Calendula officinalis'' flower viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| description=Marigold (flower) (''Calendula officinalis'')
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2=Calendula_officinalis_L._-Asteraceae--2.jpg
| caption2=Fibrous layer of anther in surface view from ''Calendula officinalis'' flower viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
| characteristics=cellular structures identified in ''Calendula officinalis'' flower are the large spherical pollen grain showing sharp spiny exine with three pores and a fibrous layer of anther in surface view when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2003
| }}

|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Marigold (flower) (''Calendula officinalis'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Calendula_officinalis_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Calendula officinalis'' HPTLC ID - Natural Product Reagent + PEG UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=ethyl acetate: HCOOH: Acetic acid: H2O [10/1.1/1.1/2.4]
| prep=0.3 g + 3 ml CH3OH sonicate/heat @ 50° C ~ 1/2 hr.
| detection=Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 1 μL Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Hyperoside, Chlorogenic Acid ~ 0.1% in Methanol
# 3 μL ''Calendula officinalis''-1 (flower)
# 3 μL ''Calendula officinalis''-2 (flower)
# 3 μL ''Calendula officinalis''-3 (flower)
# 3 μL ''Calendula officinalis''-3 (flower)
# 3 μL ''Calendula officinalis''-4 (flower)
# 3 μL ''Calendula officinalis''-5 (flower)
# 1 μL Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Hyperoside, Chlorogenic Acid ~ 0.1% in Methanol

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=Plant Drug Analysis, Wagner, H., 1996
| }}

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Calendula officinalis-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=''Calendula officinalis'' (flower) HPTLC ID - NP and PEG reagent, UV 366 nm
| description=Calendula (flower) (''Calendula officinalis'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase= Ethyl acetate, formic acid, water 80:10:10 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 0.5 g of powdered sample with 5 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: 1.) NP reagent
Preparation: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 mL of ethyl acetate
2.) PEG reagent
Preparation: 10 g of polyethylene glycol 400 in 200 mL of dichloromethane
Use: Heat plate for 3 min at 100°C, dip (time 0, speed 5) in NP reagent while still hot, dry and dip (time 0, speed 5) in PEG reagent

| detection=Saturated chamber; Developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; Relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 2.5 mg of rutin in 5 mL of methanol. Dissolve 3 mg of caffeic acid in 5 mL of methanol. Optional: dissolve 1.5 mg of chlorogenic acid in 5 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 3 µL Calendula flower
# '''6 µL Calendula flower'''
# 12 µL Calendula flower
# 1 µL Calendula flower (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 2 µL Calendula flower (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 4 µL Calendula flower (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 2 µL Rutin
# 2 µL Caffeic acid
# 2 µL Chlorogenic acid
# 4 µL Calendula flower (old)
# 8 µL Calendula flower (old)
# 16 µL Calendula flower (old)
# 2 µL Arnica flower
# 4 µL Arnica flower
# 8 µL Arnica flower

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''
System suitability test: Rutin: a yellow fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.21; Caffeic acid: a white-blue fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.85

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a yellow zone corresponding to the reference material rutin. Right above and below rutin there are a green zone each at Rf ~ 0.23 and 0.09 (yellow arrows). A green fluorescent zone in the middle of the chromatogram is detected at Rf ~ 0.46 (green arrow). Three blue-white zones are present at Rf ~ 0.35, 0.75 and 0.80, the two last zones are right below caffeic acid (blue arrows).

Test for adulteration: No orange and green zones are seen at Rf ~ 0.45 and 0.51 and no blue-white zone is seen at Rf ~ 0.72 (red arrows, Arnica flower).
| }}

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=
<references />

Berberis vulgaris (bark)

2014-08-18T22:38:13Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Berberis vulgaris'' (bark) }} {{askbox|herb=''Berberis vulgaris''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Berberis vulgaris
|authority=L.
|family=Berberidaceae
|scn=barberry
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=European barberry
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
{{Media4 |cat=Voucher | source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100187927
| mainimage=Berberis vulgaris Tropicos 100187927.jpg
| caption1=''Berberis vulgaris'' - Tropicos.org (Ho, Ting-nung - 2502)
| description=Barberry (''Berberis vulgaris'' L.)

| source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| companyimage2=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/49790
| image2=Berberis vulgaris Tropicos 49790.jpg
| caption2=''Berberis vulgaris'' - Tropicos.org (Reed, Clyde Franklin - 91690)

| source3=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| companyimage3=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/49792
| image3=Berberis vulgaris Tropicos 49792.jpg
| caption3=''Berberis vulgaris'' - Tropicos.org (Walker, * - 694)
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 17 Oct 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100187927>, Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Sep 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/49790>, Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Sep 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/49792>

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000644796
| image4=Berberis_vulgaris_Kew_imageBarcode=K000644796_275681.jpg
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}
=Organoleptic Characteristics=
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=Nepaul Barberry—''Berberis vulgaris'' L. (Barberry).
''B. vulgaris'' is a spreading shrub, from four to six feet or more in height, with thorny branches, a light gray bark and a fine yellow wood.

The berries of ''B. vulgaris'', which grow in loose bunches, are oblong and of a red color, have a grateful, sour, astringent taste, and contain malic and citric acids.

The bark of the root is grayish on the outside, yellow within, very bitter, and stains the saliva when chewed. Brandes found in 100 parts of the root 6.63 of bitter, yellow extractive (impure berberine), 1.55 of brown coloring matter, 0.35 of gum, 0.20 of starch, 0.10 of cerin, 0.07 of stearin, 0.03 of chlorophyll, 0.55 of a sub-resin, 55.40 of lignin, and 35.00 of water.

}}
|}

=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage= Barberry_Bark_Whole_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=Sclerenchymatous bast fibers showing tapered ends observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2= Barberry_Bark_Whole-1_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption2=Prisms of Calcium oxalate observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference= The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, Schneider, A., 1921
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Artemisia annua (leaf)

2014-08-18T22:33:00Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''Artemisia annua '' (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Artemisia annua''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Artemisia annua
|authority=L.
|family=Asteraceae
|scn=sweet wormwood
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=huang hua hao; qing hao (aboveground parts)
|aka=annual wormwood; sweet Annie
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 | cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Artemisia annua Tropicos 100196967.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100196967

| source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| image2=Artemisia annua Tropicos 88841.jpg
| companyimage2=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/88841
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 06 Aug 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100196967>, Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 06 Aug 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/88841>.

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000942071
| image3=Artemisia_annua_Kew_imageBarcode=K000942071_483625.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000942072
| image4=Artemisia_annua_Kew_imageBarcode=K000942072_483626.jpg
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=

=Microscopic Characteristics=

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Artemisia annua-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=Sweet wormwood (leaf), qing hao (leaf) HPTLC ID - NP reagent, UV 366 nm
| description=Sweet wormwood (leaf), qing hao (leaf) (''Artemisia annua'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, water, acetic acid, formic acid 100:26:11:11 (v/v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 500 mg of powdered sample with 5 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: NP reagent, Preparation: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 mL of ethyl acetate, Use: Heat plate for 3 min at 100°C, then dip (time 0, speed 5).
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 1 mg of chlorogenic acid in 1 mL of methanol, Dissolve 1 mg of caffeic acid in 1 mL of methanol, Optional: Dissolve 1 mg of rutin in 1 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 5 µL Sweet wormwood fresh leaf 1 (extracted with water)
# 5 µL Sweet wormwood fresh leaf 1 (extracted with ethanol)
# 5 µL Sweet wormwood fresh leaf 1 (extracted with methanol)
# 5 µL Sweet wormwood fresh leaf 1 (extracted with hot water)
# 5 µL Sweet wormwood fresh leaf 2 (extracted with water)
# 5 µL Sweet wormwood fresh leaf 2 (extracted with ethanol)
# 5 µL Sweet wormwood fresh leaf 2 (extracted with methanol)
# 5 µL Sweet wormwood fresh leaf 2 (extracted with hot water)
# 5 µL Rutin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid (with increasing Rf)
# 5 µL Chinese wormwood fresh leaf (extracted with water)
# 5 µL Chinese wormwood fresh leaf (extracted with ethanol)
# 5 µL Chinese wormwood fresh leaf (extracted with methanol)
# 5 µL Chinese wormwood fresh leaf (extracted with hot water)
# '''5 µL Sweet wormwood dried leaf 3 (extracted with methanol)'''
# 5 µL Sweet wormwood dried leaf 3 (extracted with hot water)

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: Chlorogenic acid: green fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.40.
Caffeic acid: green fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.90.

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a green fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.40 corresponding to reference chlorogenic acid and below it a blue zone at Rf ~ 0.32 (yellow arrows). In the upper part of the chromatogram there is an intense green zone at Rf ~ 0.81 and a blue one just above it at Rf ~ 0.86. Below the solvent front there are two red zones. Similar but fainter zones are seen in the fresh sample (track 3).

Test for adulteration: The blue zones at Rf ~ 0.32 and Rf ~ 0.86 are missing (red arrows, Chinese wormwood leaf).

| }}

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />
[[Category:Botanical]]

Artemisia absinthium (leaf)

2014-08-18T22:28:45Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:'' Artemisia absinthium'' (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Artemisia absinthium''}}

=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Artemisia absinthium
|authority=L.
|family=Asteraceae
|scn=wormwood
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media2 | cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Artemisia absinthium Tropicos 100158913.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100158913
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 06 Aug 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100158913>

| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000891973
| image2=Artemisia_absinthium_Kew_imageBarcode=K000891973_481570.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy| source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
|description= 
| color=Grayish green.
| flavor=Very bitter, somewhat saline.
| scent=Faintly aromatic, disagreeable and narcotic when briskly rubbed.}}
|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| characteristics=The most distinctive tissue elements are the very abundant T-shaped, rather thin-walled trichromes with three to four basal cells; the rather large, yellowish, sessile, glandular trichromes with several vertical tiers of cells, are also quite diagnostic some pollen grains presenting the characteristics of the pollen of the order Compositae will generally be found. The vertical walls of the epidermal cells are wavy or sinuate and the stomata are abundant and fairly large.

Compare with Achillea and insect powder which are similar in certain of the histological characteristics.
| ash=Ash should not exceed 13 per cent.
| adulterants=Related species may be used as adulterants or may be substituted for it, although this is of rare occurrence.
| }}

{{Media3 | cat=Microscopy
| mainimage=Artemisia_absinthium_L._-Asteraceae--1.jpg
| source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com/
| description=Wormwood (leaf) (''Artemisia absinthium'')
| caption1=T-shaped trichromes with three to four basal cells in 400X Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.
| characteristics=The most distinctive tissue elements are the very abundant T-shaped, rather thin-walled trichromes with three to four basal cells, as well as the strap-shaped tubular covering trichomes when observed at 400X with Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com/
| image2=Artemisia_absinthium_L._-Asteraceae--2.jpg
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| caption2=Fragment of a strap-shaped tubular covering trichrome
| reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2003
| source3=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| image3=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_p_200_google_ver_absinthium_figure.png | }}
|}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (leaf)

2014-08-18T22:26:40Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:'' Arctostaphylos uva-ursi'' (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Arctostaphylos uva-ursi''}}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
|authority=(L.) Spreng.
|family=Ericaceae
|scn=uva-ursi
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=bearberry; kinnickinick
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media2 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Tropicos 100131549.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100131549
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 06 Aug 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100131549>

| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000534677
| image2=Arctostaphylos_uva-ursi_Kew_imageBarcode=K000534677_203247.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=

=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Uva_Ursi_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=Polygonal upper epidermis observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2=Uva_Ursi-1_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
| caption2=Lower epidermis of leaf showing large orbicular stomata observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| characteristics=cellular structures identified in this botanical specimen are the polygonal upper epidermis and the lower epidermis of leaf showing large orbicular stomata when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2011.
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Arctostaphylos uva ursi-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=Uva-ursi (leaf) HPTLC ID - DQC reagent, white RT
| description=Uva-ursi (leaf) (''Arctostaphylos uva-ursi'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, formic acid, water 88:6:6 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 500 mg of powdered sample with 5 mL of methanol-water 1:1 and sonicate for 10 minutes at 60°C, then centrifuge or filter the solutations and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: 2,6-Dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide (DQC) reagent Preparation: 250 mg of DQC are dissolved in 50 mL of methanol. Use: Spray, dry in a stream of cold air for 3 min, expose to ammonia vapor (hold plate in a tank saturated with 32% ammonia) for 2 s or until blue zones are visible.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 2.5 mg of arbutin in 1 mL of methanol. Dissolve 2.5 mg of hydroquinone in 1mL of methanol. Optional: Dissolve 2.5 mg of gallic acid in 1 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 1 μL Uva ursi leaf 1
# 2 μL Uva ursi leaf 1
# 4 μL Uva ursi leaf 1
# 2 μL Uva ursi leaf 2
# 2 μL Arbutin, hydroquinone (with increasing Rf)
# 2 μL Gallic acid
# 1 μL Uva ursi leaf 3
# 2 μL Uva ursi leaf 3
# 4 μL Uva ursi leaf 3
# 2 μL Uva ursi leaf 4
# 2 μL Uva ursi leaf 5 (old)
# 2 μL Uva ursi leaf 6 (old)
# 2 μL Uva ursi leaf 7 (old)
# 2 μL Uva ursi leaf 8 (old)
# 2 μL Uva ursi leaf powdered (old)

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test:
Arbutin: blue zone at Rf ~ 0.27.
Hydroquinone: brown zone at Rf ~ 0.87.

Identification:
Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows an intense blue zone at Rf ~ 0.27 corresponding to reference substance arbutin. Above it there is another blue zone Rf ~ 0.40 and overlapping a very broad and diffuse brown zone. A faint brown zone is seen at Rf ~ 0.75 (gallic acid). Some samples show a faint brown zone at Rf ~ 0.87 (hydroquinone).
| }}
=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />

Apium graveolens (seed)

2014-08-18T22:24:04Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:'' Apium graveolens'' (seed) }} {{askbox|herb=''Apium graveolens''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Apium graveolens
|authority=L.
|family=Apiaceae
|scn=celery
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=wild celery
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Apium graveolens Tropicos 88125.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/88125
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 06 Aug 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100003122>, Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 06 Aug 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100011769>, Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 06 Aug 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/88125>

| source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| image2=Apium_graveolens_Tropicos_100003122.jpg
| companyimage2=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100003122

| source3=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| image3=Apium graveolens Tropicos 100011769.jpg
| companyimage3=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100011769

| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K001091169
| image4=Apium_graveolens_Kew_imageBarcode=K001091169_675319.jpg
| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{{Media |cat=Macroscopy
| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Apium graveolens Tropicos 72787.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/72787
| caption1=Celery (''Apium graveolens'') Flora of China Illustrations vol. 14, fig. 168, 1-6 }}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media3 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage= Apium_graveolens_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption1=Endocarp observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2= Apium_graveolens-1-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption2=Endosperm showing fixed oil and aleurone grains observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| source3=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage3= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL3=http://www.alkemist.com
| image3= Apium_graveolens-2-_Alkemist_Laboratories.png
| caption3=Fragment of vitta observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
| reference=American Herbal Pharmacopoeia & Therapeutic Compendium
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />

Agrimonia eupatoria (flowering tops)

2014-08-18T22:18:56Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:'' Agrimonia eupatoria'' (flowering tops) }} {{askbox|herb=''Agrimonia eupatoria''}}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Agrimonia eupatoria
|authority=L.
|family=Rosaceae
|scn=agrimony
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=church steeples
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media2 |cat=Voucher
| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Agrimonia eupatoria Tropicos 100178723.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100178723
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000914194
| image2=Agrimonia_eupatoria_Kew_imageBarcode=K000914194_517002.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=[''Agrimonia eupatoria''] contains a bitter principle.}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=''Agrimonia eupatoria'' 's stem, which rises from one to three feet in height, is hairy, furnished with
interruptedly pinnate leaves, and terminated by a long simple spike of yellow flower.}}

{{Media |cat=Macroscopy
| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Agrimonia eupatoria Tropicos 83225.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/83225
| caption1=Agrimony herb - Tropicos.org (Manual of Vascular Plants of the Lower Yangtze Valley China Illustration fig. 155)
| description=Agrimony herb (flowering tops) (''Agrimonia eupatoria'') Line Drawing
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013
| }}
|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage=Agrimonia eupatoria flowering tops-hptclc-association.png
| caption1=Agrimony herb (flowering tops) HPTLC ID - NP reagent and PEG reagent, UV 366 nm
| description=Agrimony herb (flowering tops) (''Agrimonia eupatoria'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, formic acid 98%, water, ethyl methyl ketone 50:10:10:30 (v/v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: 1.) NP reagent, Preparation: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 mL ethyl acetate; 2.) PEG reagent, Preparation: 10 g of polyethylene glycol 400 in 200 mL methylene chloride, Use: Heat plate 3 min at 100 °C, dip (time 0, speed 5) in NP reagent, dry and dip (time 0, speed 5) in PEG reagent.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 5 mg of rutin and 3 mg of isoquercitrin individually in 10 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2.5 µL Agrimony 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 5 µL Agrimony 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 10 µL Agrimony 1 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 1 µL Agrimony 1
# '''3 µL Agrimony 1'''
# 6 µL Agrimony 1
# 5 µL Rutin
# 2 µL Isoquercitrin
# 4 µL Agrimony 2 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 8 µL Agrimony 2 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 16 µL Agrimony 2 (Ph. Eur. extraction)
# 1 µL Agrimony 2
# '''3 µL Agrimony 2'''
# 6 µL Agrimony 2

| notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''

System suitability test: Rutin: yellow fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.32; Isoquercitrin: yellow fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.55

Identification: Compare result under UV 366 nm with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a yellow zone at the position of rutin. At the position of isoquercitrin a yellow zone is seen together with a white zone just below as well as a green fluorescent zone and another yellow fluorescent zone just above. Close to the solvent front two red zones above a blue zone are seen. (NOTE: The Ph. Eur. 6.7 monograph lists 4 orange yellow zones).

| }}

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />

Aesculus hippocastanum (seed)

2014-08-18T22:15:01Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Aesculus hippocastanum'' (seed)}} {{askbox|herb=''Aesculus hippocastanum''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Aesculus hippocastanum
|authority= L.
|family=Hippocastanaceae
|scn=horse chestnut
|syn=
|aka=
|notes=}}
=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
{{Media2 |cat=Voucher
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
|mainimage=Aesculus hippocastanum MF32004BMX1 A1299.jpg
|source=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000914265
| image2=Aesculus_hippocastanum_Kew_imageBarcode=K000914265_517072.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description="...bitter, disagreeable taste..."
}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=

{{Media3 | cat=Macroscopy
| companyimage= TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/35153
| mainimage=Aesculus hippocastanum Tropicos 35153.jpg
| source=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013

| source2=PlantaPhile
| image2=PlantaPhile - 656.jpg
| companyimage2=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL2=http://plantaphile.com/

| source3=PlantaPhile
| image3=PlantaPhile - 1796.jpg
| companyimage3=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL3=http://plantaphile.com/

| }}

=Microscopic Characteristics=

{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy |companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
|companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
|mainimage=Aesculus_hippocastanum_L._-Hippocastanaceae--1.jpg
|caption1=Large thin-walled parenchyma showing intercellular spaces of Aesculus hippocastanum seed viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
|source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
|image2=Aesculus_hippocastanum_L._-Hippocastanaceae--2.jpg
|caption2=Starch granules showing well marked cleft of Aesculus hippocastanum seed viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution..
|source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

{{HPTLC | source=CAMAG HPTLC
| companyimage=Camag_logo.png
| companyURL=http://www.camag.com/index.php
| mainimage=Camag-aesculushippocastanum-anisaldehyde-whiteRT.png
| caption1=Horse Chestnut HPTLC ID - Anisaldehyde Reagent, White RT.
| description=Horse Chestnut (seed) (''Aesculus hippocastanum'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=1-butanol, water, glacial acetic acid 50:40:10 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of ethanol-water (7:3), heat on a steam bath for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions

Anisaldehyde Reagent Preparation: 1mL anisaldehyde reagent, 20mL acetic acid 99%, 170mL methanol, 10ml sulfuric acid 95%-97%
| detection=Anisaldehyde Reagent Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 4 min
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 15 mg of escin in 3 mL of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 10 μL Escin
# 10 μL Horse Chestnut whole 1
# 10 μL Horse Chestnut powder
# 12 μL Horse Chestnut whole 2
| notes=Compare result under white RT with reference images in Image Comparison Viewer. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present.

''A. hippocastanum'' Identification: Above the zone due to escin the chromatogram shows several narrow, brown to brownish-red zones that are less intense than the zone corresponding to escin.
| }}

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />

Actaea racemosa (root and rhizome)

2014-08-18T22:13:43Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Actaea racemosa'' (root and rhizome)}} {{askbox|herb=''Actaea racemosa''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Actaea racemosa
|authority=L.
|family=Ranunculaceae
|scn=black cohosh
|syn=''Cimicifuga racemosa'' (L.) Nutt.
|aka=black bugbane; black snakeroot; rheumatism weed
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{media3 |companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100105518
|mainimage=Actaea racemosa Tropicos 100105518.jpg
|source=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013
|cat=Voucher

| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000694465
| image2=Actaea_racemosa_Kew_imageBarcode=K000694465_306208.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000694466
| image3=Actaea_racemosa_Kew_imageBarcode=K000694466_306208.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|

{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=Rhizome externally dark brown; internally whitish and mealy or dark brown and waxy; odor slight; taste bitter and acrid.

Roots somewhat cylindrical or obtusely quadrangular, from 1 to 3 mm. in thickness, externally dark brown; internally bark dark brown, wood yellowish. The odor, though not strong, is peculiar and rather disagreeable, and is gradually lost with age.
}}

|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=
"... [A] tall stately plant, having a perennial root, and a simple herbaceous stem, which rises from four to eight feet in height. The leaves are large, and ternately decompound, having oblong-ovate leaflets, incised and toothed at their edges. The flowers are small, white, and disposed in a long, terminal, wand-like raceme, with occasionally one or two shorter racemes near its base. The calyx is white, four-leaved, and deciduous; the petals are minute, and shorter than the stamens; the pistil consists of an oval ovary and sessile stigma. The fruit is an ovoid capsule containing numerous flat seeds.

"Rhizome horizontal, more or less branching, from 2 to 12 cm. in length, and from 1 to 2.5 cm. in thickness; externally dark brown, slightly annulate from circular scars of bud scale-leaves, the upper surface with numerous stout, erect or somewhat curved branches terminated by deep, cup-shaped sears, each of which usually shows a distinct radiate structure; inferior and lateral portions with numerous root-scars and a few short roots; fracture horny; internally whitish and mealy or dark brown and waxy, bark thin, wood distinctly radiate and of about the same thickness as the pith... Roots somewhat cylindrical or obtusely quadrangular, from 1 to 3 mm. in thickness, externally dark brown, longitudinally wrinkled; fracture short; internally bark dark brown, wood yellowish, 4 to 6-rayed."
}}
{{media |cat=Macroscopic
|companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
|mainimage=Alkemists_Actaea_racemosa_macro.jpg
|caption1=Root, cut and sifted
|source=Alkemist Laboratories}}
|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Microscopy| source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description=
"Under the microscope, sections of the rhizome ... show a yellowish-brown suberized epidermis, a cortex made up of about 30 layers of starch-bearing parenchyma cells; the fibro-vascular bundles collateral, the xylem consisting of tracheae with bordered pores, and resembling tracheids in that the ends are rather acute; wood-fibers numerous, thin-walled, strongly lignified and with simple, oblique pores, the bundles separated by starch-bearing parenchyma strands from 5 to 30 cells wide; pith cells numerous, resembling those of the cortex.

"... sections of the root ... show a hairy epidermis, which becomes suberized in older roots; the cortex shows about 12 rows of starch-bearing parenchyma cells; endodermis distinct; fibro-vascular bundles 4 to 6, showing in older roots as separate collateral bundles. The powder is light to dark brown; starch grains numerous, single or compound, the individual grains spherical or more or less polygonal, each with a somewhat central cleft, from 0.003 to 0.015 mm. in diameter; fragments showing trachea with bordered pores and lignified wood-fibers; irregular, yellowish-brown fragments of suberized epidermis made up of more or less tabular cells, sometimes elongated and considerably thickened."
}}
{{media |cat=Microscopy
|companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
|mainimage=Alkemists Actaea racemosa brown suberized cells.png
| caption1=Brown suberized cells (400X, Acidified chloral hydrate solution)
|source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories}}
|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=AHPA Practical, CAMAG HPTLC
| companyimage=Camag_logo.png
| companyURL=http://www.camag.com/index.php
| mainimage=Camag-blackcohosh-1-d-uv254.png
| caption1=Black cohosh HPTLC ID - Developed, UV 254 nm
| description=Black cohosh (root) (''Actaea racemosa'')
| image2=Camag-blackcohosh-1-d-uv366.png
| caption2=Black cohosh HPTLC ID - Developed, UV 366 nm
| image3=Camag-blackcohosh-1-H2SO4-uv366.png
| caption3=Black cohosh HPTLC ID - Sulfuric acid reagent, UV 366 nm
| image4=Camag-blackcohosh-1-H2SO4-whiteRT.png
| caption4=Black cohosh HPTLC ID Method - Sulfuric acid reagent, white RT
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Toluene, ethyl formate, formic acid 50:30:20 (v/v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 0.5 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of an ethanolwater
mixture (1:1) and sonicate for 10 minutes, then
centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the
supernatants/filtrates as test solutions.

Sulfuric Acid Reagent: Preparation: 20 mL of sulfuric acid are mixed with 180 mL
of ice-cooled methanol
| detection=UV/Vis, Sulfuric Acid Reagent Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 5 min
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 1mg of actein, 23-epi-26-deoxyactein, isoferulic
acid, cimifugin and/or norcimifugin individually in 10 mL
of methanol.
|
| lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 2 μL Isoferulic acid
# 2 μL Norcimifugin
# 2 μL Actein
# 2 μL 23-epi-26-Deoxyactein
# 2 μL Cimifugin
# 2 μL ''C. racemosa''
# 2 μL ''C. racemosa''
# 2 μL ''C. foetida''
# 2 μL ''C. heracleifolia''
# 2 μL ''C. dahurica''
# 2 μL ''C. americana''
| notes=Compare result under UV 254 nm and white RT with reference images in Image Comparison
Viewer. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference
sample. Additional weak zones may be present.

''C. racemosa'' Identification: Under UV 254 nm the chromatogram obtained with the test solution does not
show a dark zone at the position of Cimifugin in the reference solution or just
above it.
Under white RT a characteristic fingerprint is detected. Below Cimifugin there
are two violet zones. Just above the application position two brown zones are
detected (blue arrow).
There is no brown zone at the position of Cimifugin, but there might be a faint
violet zone. There is a brown zone at the position of actein as well as two
brown zone just below. Just above the actein zone is a very thin brown zone
(green arrow).

Further methodology available here, in [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/pdfs/Black_cohosh_ID_Method.pdf Identification of black cohosh by HPTLC].
| }}

=Supplementary Information=

{{Botanical | source=AHPA Known Adulterants
| description=Black cohosh (root) (''Actaea racemosa'', syn ''Cimicifuga racemosa'')
| companyimage=AHPA Logo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.ahpa.org/
| characteristics=AHPA recommends in its [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=223#section_known_adulterants Known Adulterants list] that appropriate steps be taken to assure that this raw material is free of the noted adulterant. [mailto:ahpa@ahpa.org Contact AHPA] for additional information regarding relevant analytical methods or follow [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=242 this link] for more information.
| adulterants=Chinese cimicifuga (root) (''Actaea'' spp.). Also known as ''sheng ma'' or Rhizoma Cimicifugae; consists of ''Actaea cimicifuga'', syn. ''Cimicifuga foetida''; ''Actaea dahurica'', syn. ''C. dahurica''; ''A. heracleifolia'', syn. ''C. heracleifolia''; and possibly other Asian species of ''Actaea''.
}}

== AHPA Practical: Detecting Adulteration of Black cohosh root/rhizome ==
[[Category:AHPA Practicals]]
[[File:AHPA Logo.gif|right|150x75px|link=http://www.ahpa.org/]]
Reproduced from [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=170].
===Introduction===
The American Herbal Products Association is providing here analytical tools and methods to identify adulteration of raw materials and dietary ingredients labeled as black cohosh (''Actaea racemosa'' syn. ''Cimicifuga racemosa'') root/rhizome, or extracts thereof. This information is provided for industry in order to deal appropriately with reports of adulteration of this ingredient and make wise purchasing decisions.
===Background===
The economic adulteration of black cohosh root and rhizome with other species is well established. AHPA’s guidance policy on [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=223 Known Adulterants] identifies Chinese cimicifuga root/rhizome, also known as ''sheng ma'' or Rhizoma Cimicifugae as known black cohosh adulterants. This material commonly consists of ''Actaea cimicifuga'', syn. ''Cimicifuga foetida''; ''Actaea dahurica'', syn. ''C. dahurica''; ''A. heracleifolia'', syn. ''C. heracleifolia''; and possibly other Asian species of ''Actaea''. The citation below provides a review of Rhizoma Cimicifugae for those wanting additional information.

Li JX, Yu ZY. [http://www.benthamscience.com/cmc/contabs/cmc13-24.htm#7 Cimicifugae rhizoma: from origins, bioactive constituents to clinical outcomes.] ''Curr Med Chem''. 2006;13(24):2927-51.

The black cohosh monograph in the ''Natural Health Ingredients Database'' of the Canadian Natural Health Products Directorate at Health Canada, available online [http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/monoReq.do?id=44&lang=eng here] or as a pdf file [http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/dbImages/559 here], references instances where adverse events associated with ingestion of products labeled as containing black cohosh (''Actaea racemosa'' syn. ''Cimicifuga racemosa'') were found to contain plant species that were not black cohosh upon laboratory analysis. The ''Canadian Adverse Reaction Newsletter'' ([http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/pdf/medeff/bulletin/carn-bcei_v20n1-eng.pdf 2010 Jan;20(1):1-2]) provided specifics on this situation as covered in a [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=69&aId=568&zId=1 January 14, 2010 AHPA Update].

===Analytical tools===
There are several analytical tools available for the authentication of genuine black cohosh and its differentiation from other species. Two papers detailing the use of high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) are cited below. The first focuses on detection of black cohosh adulteration by other North American Actaea species while the second deals more specifically with differentiation of black cohosh from Chinese cimicifuga. The full methodology for the HPTLC analysis of the second citation can be accessed via this: [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/pdfs/Black_cohosh_ID_Method.pdf Identification of black cohosh by HPTLC].

The third citation below employed phytochemical “fingerprinting” using high-performance liquid chromatography with a photo-diode array detector (HPLC-PDA) and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS) to authenticate black cohosh and differentiate it from 14 other Actaea species.

Verbitski SM, Gourdin GT, Ikenouye LM, McChesney JD, Hildreth J. [http://www.atypon-link.com/AOAC/doi/abs/10.5555/jaoi.91.2.268 Detection of Actaea racemosa adulteration by thin-layer chromatography and combined thin-layer chromatography-bioluminescence.] J AOAC Int. 2008 Mar-Apr;91(2):268-75.

Ankli A, Reich E, Steiner M. [http://www.atypon-link.com/AOAC/doi/abs/10.5555/jaoi.91.6.1257 Rapid high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for detection of 5% adulteration of black cohosh with ''Cimicifuga foetida'', ''C. heracleifolia'', ''C. dahurica'', or ''C. americana''.] J AOAC Int. 2008 Nov-Dec;91(6):1257-64.

Jiang B, Ma C, Motley T, Kronenberg F, Kennelly EJ. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pca.1285/abstract Phytochemical fingerprinting to thwart black cohosh adulteration: a 15 ''Actaea'' species analysis.] Phytochem Anal. 2011 Feb 19. doi: 10.1002/pca.1285. [Epub ahead of print] Supporting information is available [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pca.1285/suppinfo here].

The black cohosh monograph in the ''Natural Health Ingredients Database'' of the Canadian Natural Health Products Directorate at Health Canada, available online [http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/monoReq.do?id=44&lang=eng here] or as a pdf file [http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/dbImages/559 here], references instances where adverse events associated with ingestion of products labeled as containing black cohosh (''Actaea racemosa'' syn. ''Cimicifuga racemosa'') were found to contain plant species that were not black cohosh upon laboratory analysis. The ''Canadian Adverse Reaction Newsletter'' ([http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/pdf/medeff/bulletin/carn-bcei_v20n1-eng.pdf 2010 Jan;20(1):1-2]) provided specifics on this situation as covered in a [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=69&aId=568&zId=1 January 14, 2010 AHPA Update].

The [http://www.herbal-ahp.org/order_online.htm American Herbal Pharmacopoeia] and the [http://www.usp.org/products/dsc/ USP Dietary Supplements Compendium] also contain useful information for the differentiation of black cohosh and other species representing common black cohosh adulterants. Authenticated black cohosh reference materials are available from both organizations as well as AHPA member companies [http://www.alkemist.com/ Alkemists Laboratories], [http://www.botanicalliaisons.com/ Botanical Liaisons], and [http://www.chromadex.com/ Chromadex]. DNA testing can be used to verify authentic species, and rule out the presence of common or other unexpected DNA-containing adulterants or contaminants. Work in this area is currently being conducted by AHPA member [http://www.authentechnologies.com/ AuthenTechnologies].

==Other Publications==
===Qiu, ''et al.'', 2014===
'''2D NMR Barcoding and Differential Analysis of Complex Mixtures for Chemical Identification: The Actaea Triterpenes,'''
<blockquote>'''Abstract.'''

The interpretation of NMR spectroscopic information for structure elucidation involves decoding of complex resonance patterns that contain valuable molecular information (δ and J), which is not readily accessible otherwise. We introduce a new concept of 2D-NMR barcoding that uses clusters of fingerprint signals and their spatial relationships in the δ−δ coordinate space to facilitate the chemical identification of complex mixtures. Similar to widely used general barcoding technology, the structural information of individual compounds is encoded as a specifics pattern of their C,H correlation signals. Software-based recognition of these patterns enables the structural identification of the compounds and their discrimination in mixtures. Using the triterpenes from various Actaea (syn. Cimicifuga) species as a test case, heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC) barcodes were generated on the basis of their structural subtypes from a statistical investigation of their δH and δC data in the literature. These reference barcodes allowed in silico identification of known triterpenes in enriched fractions obtained from an extract of A. racemosa (black cohosh). After dereplication, a differential analysis of heteronuclear single-quantum correlation (HSQC) spectra even allowed for the discovery of a new triterpene. The 2D barcoding concept has potential application in a natural product discovery project, allowing for the rapid dereplication of known compounds and as a tool in the search for structural novelty within compound classes with established barcodes.<ref>
Qiu, F., McAlpine, J.B., Lankin, D.C., Burton, I., Karakach, T., Chen, S., Pauli G.F. 2014. 2D NMR Barcoding and Differential Analysis of Complex Mixtures for Chemical Identification: The Actaea Triterpenes ''Analytical Chemistry'' 86(8), 3964-3972. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac500188j</ref></blockquote>

===Cicek, ''et al.'', 2010===
'''Development of a fast and convenient method for the isolation of triterpene saponins from Actaea racemosa by high-speed countercurrent chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection.'''

<blockquote>'''Abstract.'''

In the present work, a fast and simple method for the separation and purification of triterpene saponins from Actaea racemosa was successfully established. Accelerated solvent extraction was used for defatting and extracting of the subaerial parts, giving a triterpene enriched crude extract. Size exclusion chromatography was used to separate actein and 23-epi-26-deoxyactein from other triterpenoids, which were collected in a third fraction. This most complex third fraction was applied to high-speed countercurrent chromatography, a well-established technique for the separation of saponins. Separation parameters were first optimized on an analytical level, using a hyphenated HSCCC-ELSD setup, before the system was scaled up to preparative size. The resulting two-phase solvent system, consisting of N-hexane-acetone-ethyl acetate-2-propanol-ethanol-water (3.5 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 0.5 : 2, v/v/v/v/v/v), enabled the isolation of 23-O-acetylshengmanol-3-O- beta-D-xylopyranoside (17.4 mg), cimiracemoside D (19.5 mg), 25-O-acetylcimigenol-3-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside (7.1 mg) and the aglycone cimigenol (5.9 mg). Purity of the isolated substances was 96.8 %, 96.2 %, 97.9 %, and 98.4 %, respectively. The same method was suitable for the purification of actein and 23-epi-26-deoxyactein, with purities of 97.0 % and 98.3 %.<ref>
Cicek, S.S., Schwaiger, S., Ellmerer, E.P., Stuppner, H. 2010. Development of a fast and convenient method for the isolation of triterpene saponins from Actaea racemosa by high-speed countercurrent chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection. ''Planta Med.'' 76(5):467-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19847744</ref></blockquote>

===Liu, ''et al.'', 2003===
'''Identification of caffeic acid derivatives in Actea racemosa (Cimicifuga racemosa, black cohosh) by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.'''

<blockquote>'''Abstract.'''

Caffeic acid derivatives occurring in black cohosh [Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt., Actaea racemosa (Ranunculaceae)], some of which may have pharmacological activity, were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) with the aim of developing a methodology for their rapid identification in a complex plant matrix. Based on these studies, structurally characteristic product ions and neutral molecule losses were identified, which were then used during LC/MS/MS with product ion scanning, precursor scanning and constant neutral loss scanning to detect caffeic acid derivatives in a crude extract of black cohosh. Several caffeic acid derivatives were detected, and the identification of six of them were confirmed by comparison with authentic standards including caffeic acid, ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, fukinolic acid, cimicifugic acid A, and cimicifugic acid B. Four other compounds were detected that appeared to be caffeic acid derivatives based on LC/MS/MS retention times, molecular weights, and fragmentation patterns during MS/MS. Since standards were unavailable for these four compounds, they were tentatively identified using LC/MS/MS as cimicifugic acid E, cimicifugic acid F, dehydrocimicifugic acid A, and dehydrocimicifugic acid B. Dehydrocimicifugic acid A and dehydrocimicifugic acid B have not been reported previously to be constituents of black cohosh.<ref>
Liu, W., Sun, Y., Liang, W., Fitzloff, J.F., van Breemen, R.B. 2003. Identification of caffeic acid derivatives in Actea racemosa (Cimicifuga racemosa, black cohosh) by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. ''Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom.'' 17(9):978-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12717772</ref></blockquote>

=Sources=

<references />

Aconitum napellus (root)

2014-08-18T22:09:41Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Aconitum napellus'' (root) }} {{askbox|herb=''Aconitum napellus''}}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Aconitum napellus
|authority=L.
|family=Ranunculaceae
|scn=aconite
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=friar's cap; monkshood; Venus' chariot; wolfsbane
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media3 |cat=Voucher
| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Aconitum napellus Tropicos 100190599.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100190599
| source=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013
| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000692339_304385.jpg
| image2=Aconitum_napellus_Kew_imageBarcode=K000692339_304385.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000692343
| image3=Aconitum_napellus_Kew_imageBarcode=K000692343_304389.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description="[''Aconitum Napellus''] seeds are ... very acrid.

"The fresh leaves have a faint narcotic odor, most sensible when they are rubbed. Their taste is at first bitterish and herbaceous, afterwards burning and acrid, with a feeling of numbness and tingling on the inside of the lips, tongue, and fauces, which is very durable, lasting sometimes many hours. When long chewed, they inflame the tongue. The dried leaves have a similar taste, but the acrid impression commences later."}}
{{Organolepsy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| description= 
| color=Light brown.
| texture=Dry, slightly starchy or mealy feel.
| flavor=Taste sweetish, very markedly and persistently acridly pungent; acridity especially marked in the fauces. Benumbing effect.
| scent=Odor faint, recalling horseradish when moist.}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description="''Aconitum Napellus'' is a perennial herbaceous plant, with a conical- shaped, tapering root, seldom exceeding 10 cm. in length and 2 cm. in thickness near the summit, brownish externally, whitish and fleshy within, and sending forth numerous long, thick, fleshy rootlets. When the plant is in full growth, there are usually two roots joined together, of which the older is dark brown and supports the stem, while the younger is of a light yellowish-brown, and is destined to furnish the stem of the following year, the old root decaying.

"The stem is erect, round, smooth, leafy, usually simple, and from two to six or even eight feet high. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, divided almost to the base, from two to four inches in diameter, deep green upon their upper surface, light green beneath, somewhat rigid, and more or less smooth and shining on both sides. Those on the lower part of the stem have long footstalks and five or seven divisions; the upper, short footstalks and three or five divisions. The divisions are wedge-form, with two or three lobes, which extend nearly or quite to the middle. The lobes are cleft or toothed, and the lacinise or teeth are linear or linear-lanceolate and pointed. The flowers are of a dark violet-blue color, large and beautiful, and are borne at the summit of the stem upon a thick, simple, straight, erect, spike-like raceme, beneath which, in the cultivated plant, several smaller racemes arise from the axils of the upper leaves. Though without calyx, they have two small calycinal stipules, situated on the peduncle within a few millimeters of the flower. The petals are five, the upper helmet-shaped and beaked, nearly hemispherical, open or closed, the two lateral roundish and internally hairy, the two lower oblong-oval. They enclose two pediceled nectaries, of which the spur is capitate, and the lip bifid and revolute. The fruit consists of three, four, or five follicles. The seeds are wrinkled or scaly ..."}}
|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| characteristics=Predominating elements are derived from the more or less broken, large, rather thick-walled, essentially isodiametric closely united parenchyma cells filled with compound starch granules. A few slightly brownish, essentially rectangular only slightly elongated, rather thin-walled, very porous sclerenchyma cells, which generally occur singly, rarely in twos. Some porus ducts and tracheids; spiral ducts rare.

Starch granules singly, in twos, fours, and aggregates of from five to seven; hili distinct in the larger granules, centric; single granules 5μ to 15μ; cross bands quite distinct, broad, right angled. There should be no thick-walled sclerenchyma, no true bast, and vascular tissue should be sparingly present.
| ash=Ash about 5 percent. Impurities should not exceed 5 percent.
| adulterants=Among the possible adulterants are horseradish, (simple, oval to elliptical starch granules, 5μ to 15μ, with very distinct hili and lamellations); ''A. Fischeri'', (starch granules mostly simple and in twos and the aggregates of five to nine). Single granules somewhat larger than in ''A. napellus'' and some of the sclerenchyma cells considerably elongated; Japanese aconite (sclerenchyma cells wanting). Suspect other species and varieties of aconite, also the use of exhausted powder, crowns and stem parts (fibrous tissue excessive and a few 2- to 5-celled trichromes). Suspect roots from other groups of plants.
| }}
{{Media |cat=Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| mainimage=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_p_208_google_ver_aconitum_root.PNG
| description=Wolf's Bane (root) (''Aconitum napellus'').}}
|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />

Aconitum napellus (leaf)

2014-08-18T22:06:42Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:'' Aconitum napellus'' (leaf) }} {{askbox|herb=''Aconitum napellus''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Aconitum napellus
|authority=L.
|family=Ranunculaceae
|scn=aconite
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=friar's cap; monkshood; Venus' chariot; wolfsbane
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media3 |cat=Voucher
| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Aconitum napellus Tropicos 100190599.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100190599
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100190599>

| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000692339_304385.jpg
| image2=Aconitum_napellus_Kew_imageBarcode=K000692339_304385.jpg
| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000692343
| image3=Aconitum_napellus_Kew_imageBarcode=K000692343_304389.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description="[''Aconitum Napellus''] seeds are ... very acrid.

"The fresh leaves have a faint narcotic odor, most sensible when they are rubbed. Their taste is at first bitterish and herbaceous, afterwards burning and acrid, with a feeling of numbness and tingling on the inside of the lips, tongue, and fauces, which is very durable, lasting sometimes many hours. When long chewed, they inflame the tongue. The dried leaves have a similar taste, but the acrid impression commences later."}}

{{Macroscopy| source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
|description= 
| color=Rather dull green.
| flavor=Bitter, pungent, producing a benumbing effect.
| scent=Nearly odorless, faintly fragrant.}}
|}
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
| description="''Aconitum Napellus'' is a perennial herbaceous plant, with a conical- shaped, tapering root, seldom exceeding 10 cm. in length and 2 cm. in thickness near the summit, brownish externally, whitish and fleshy within, and sending forth numerous long, thick, fleshy rootlets. When the plant is in full growth, there are usually two roots joined together, of which the older is dark brown and supports the stem, while the younger is of a light yellowish-brown, and is destined to furnish the stem of the following year, the old root decaying.

"The stem is erect, round, smooth, leafy, usually simple, and from two to six or even eight feet high. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, divided almost to the base, from two to four inches in diameter, deep green upon their upper surface, light green beneath, somewhat rigid, and more or less smooth and shining on both sides. Those on the lower part of the stem have long footstalks and five or seven divisions; the upper, short footstalks and three or five divisions. The divisions are wedge-form, with two or three lobes, which extend nearly or quite to the middle. The lobes are cleft or toothed, and the lacinise or teeth are linear or linear-lanceolate and pointed. The flowers are of a dark violet-blue color, large and beautiful, and are borne at the summit of the stem upon a thick, simple, straight, erect, spike-like raceme, beneath which, in the cultivated plant, several smaller racemes arise from the axils of the upper leaves. Though without calyx, they have two small calycinal stipules, situated on the peduncle within a few millimeters of the flower. The petals are five, the upper helmet-shaped and beaked, nearly hemispherical, open or closed, the two lateral roundish and internally hairy, the two lower oblong-oval. They enclose two pediceled nectaries, of which the spur is capitate, and the lip bifid and revolute. The fruit consists of three, four, or five follicles. The seeds are wrinkled or scaly ..."}}
|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| description=Wolf's Bane (leaf) (''Aconitum napellus'') L., Ranunculaceae.
| characteristics=Epidermal cells (upper and lower) tabular with wavy vertical walls; stomata on lower surface only; upper cells larger and vertical walls less wavy; trichromes simple, single celled with warty markings. Few comparatively thin walled, nearly colorless, very porous, stone cells. Pollen grains oval.
| ash=Ash should not exceed 17 percent.
| adulterants=Occasionally adulterated with the leaves of related species, and the leaves of Delphinium.
| }}

{{Media |cat=Microscopy
| source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| mainimage=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_p_206_google_ver_aconitum.PNG}}
|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />

Achillea millefolium (flower)

2014-08-18T22:04:10Z

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Achillea millefolium'' (flower)}} {{askbox|herb=''Achillea millefolium''}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Achillea millefolium
|authority=L.
|family=Asteraceae
|scn=yarrow
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=milfoil
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media3 |cat=Voucher
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/88582
| mainimage=Achillea millefolium Tropicos 88582.jpg
| source=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013

| companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2=Achillea_millefolium_IG17404BMX1_A0001.jpg
| source2=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories

| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000942133
| image3=Achillea millefolium Kew imageBarcode=K000942133 488979.jpg
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=

=Microscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|
{{Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| color=Grayish green.
| flavor=Bitter, astringent, somewhat saline.
| scent=Aromatically fragrant, resembling chamomille.
| characteristics=Epidermal cells (upper and lower) of leaves tabular with wavy vertical walls. Hair cells simple with one to six basal cells and long apical cell; walls moderately thick, smooth. A few bladdery glandular hairs. Stomata on upper and lower epidermis. Two or three rows of palisade cells. Spongy tissue of spheroidal cells. Parenchyma, bast, tracheids, spiral ducts. Fibers with prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, from stems, petioles, and veins. Pollen grains characteristic of the order..
| ash=Ash should not exceed 12 percent.
| adulterants=On account of its cheapness and wide distribution, this drug is rarely adulterated. The following species indigenous to Europe are sometimes employed: ''A. ptarmica, A. aceratum, A. nobilis, A. moschata, A. atrata, A. Nana''.
| }}

{{media2 |cat=Microscopy
|companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
|mainimage=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_p_204_google_ver_achillea.png
|source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
|image2=Achillea millefolium trichome.jpg
|caption2=Hair cells simple with one to six basal cells and long apical cell; walls moderately thick, smooth. 400X Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.
|source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories}}

|}
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage= Achillea millefolium-whiteRT-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=Yarrow (flower) HPTLC ID - Anisaldehyde reagent, white RT
| description=Yarrow (flower) (''Achillea millefolium'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Tolulene, ethyl acetate 95:5 (v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 1.0 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: Anisaldehyde reagent; Preparation: 170 mL of ice cooled methanol are mixed with 20 mL of acetic acid, 10 mL of sulfuric acid, and 1 mL of anisaldehyde. Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 4 min.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 25 mg of cineole in 20 mL of tolulene. Dissolve 10 mg of guaiazulene in 20 mL of tolulene.
|
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 8 µL Yarrow flower 1
# 16 µL Yarrow flower 1
# 32 µL Yarrow flower 1
# 1 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)
# 3 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)
# 6 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)
# 2 µL Guaiazulene
# 5 µL Cineole
# 8 µL Yarrow flower 2
# 16 µL Yarrow flower 2
# 32 µL Yarrow flower 2
# 8 µL Yarrow flower 3
# 16 µL Yarrow flower 3
# 32 µL Yarrow flower 3

| notes=Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as a bases for setting specifications for quality control purposes.

System suitability test:
Cineole: violet zone at Rf ~ 0.38.
Guaiazulene: brown zone at Rf ~ 0.88.

Application: 2 µL of references, 16 µL of test solutions

Identification:
Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.94 right above the zone due to guaiazulene reference substance. Below this zone there is a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.70. There is a reddish-violet zone at Rf ~ 0.43 right above the zone due to cineole reference substance. Below this zone there is a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.29 (black arrows).
| }}

=Supplementary Information=

=Sources=

<references />

Hydrastis canadensis (root)

2014-05-29T20:06:37Z

Staffer: Plantaphile macroscopic images added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Hydrastis canadensis'' (root) }}
=Nomenclature=

{{nomenclature | binomial=Hydrastis canadensis
|authority=L.
|family=Ranunculaceae
|scn=goldenseal
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=
|aka=yellow puccoon; yellow root
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media |cat=Voucher

| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
| mainimage=Hydrastis canadensis Tropicos 100105541.jpg
| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100105541
| reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 19 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100105541>

| }}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

=Macroscopic Characteristics=

{{Media2 | cat=Macroscopy
| source=PlantaPhile
| mainimage=PlantaPhile - 264.jpg
| companyimage=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL=http://plantaphile.com/
|
| source2=PlantaPhile
| image2=PlantaPhile - 3163.jpg
| companyimage2=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL2=http://plantaphile.com/
| }}

=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Hydrastis canadensis L. -Ranunculaceae--1.jpg
| caption1=Vessel element showing circular perforation from Hydrastis canadensis viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate.
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
| image2=Hydrastis canadensis L. -Ranunculaceae--2.jpg
| caption2=Orange brown granular mass from Hydrastis canadensis viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate.
| characteristics=cellular structures identified in Hydrastis canadensis are the vessel element showing circular perforation and the orange brown granular mass when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate.
| reference=Powdered Vegetable Drugs, Jackson, B., 1968
| }}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Golden Seal (root) (''Hydrastis canadensis'')
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Hydrastis_canadensis_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Hydrastis canadensis'' HPTLC ID - Ninhydrin Reagent UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=ethyl acetate: methanol: HCOOH: water [10/2/1.2/0.6]
| prep=0.25g+4 ml 80% MeOH snct 1/2 hr cntrfg/dcnt, add 2mL MeOH, vrtx&cntrfg,dcnt&qs to 20mL w MeOH
| detection=Ninhydrin Reagent -> UV 365 nm
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 5 μL Hydrastine ~0.1% in Methanol
# 3 μL ''Hydrastis canadensis''-1 (root)
# 3 μL ''Hydrastis canadensis''-2 (root)
# 3 μL ''Hydrastis canadensis''-3 (root)
# 3 μL ''Hydrastis canadensis''-3 (root)
# 3 μL ''Hydrastis canadensis''-4 (root)
# 3 μL ''Hydrastis canadensis''-5 (root)
# 1 μL Berberine chloride ~0.1% in Methanol

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.

| reference=American Herbal Pharmacopoeia & Therapeutic Compendium
| }}

=Supplementary Information=
=Sources=
<references />

Ginkgo biloba (leaf)

2014-05-29T20:00:26Z

Staffer: Plantaphile macroscopic images added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ginkgo biloba'' (leaf)}}
=Nomenclature=
{{nomenclature | binomial=Ginkgo biloba
|authority=L.
|family=Ginkgoaceae
|scn=ginkgo
|syn=
|ayurvedic=
|pinyin=yin xing; bai guo (seed); yin xing ye (leaf)
|aka=maidenhair tree
|notes= }}

=Botanical Voucher Specimen=

{{Media4 |cat=Voucher

|source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
|mainimage=Ginkgo biloba Tropicos 35370.jpg
|companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
|companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/35370
|reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Sep 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/35370>

|source2=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
|image2=Ginkgo biloba X28004BMX1 A0138.jpg
|companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
|companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com

|source3=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
|image3=Ginkgo biloba X28004BMX3 A0462.jpg
|companyimage3=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
|companyURL3=http://www.alkemist.com

|source4=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
|image4=Ginkgo biloba XO1405JD1 A0463.jpg
|companyimage4=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
|companyURL4=http://www.alkemist.com

|}}

=Organoleptic Characteristics=

{| border=1
|{{Organolepsy | source=Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs
| companyimage=Mrh logo.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.MountainRoseHerbs.com
| description=Flavor: Slightly bitter.
Aroma: Slight.| }}
|}

=Macroscopic Characteristics=
{| border=1
|{{Macroscopy | source=Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs
| companyimage=Mrh logo.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.MountainRoseHerbs.com
| description=Dark green to yellowish green; Leaves fan-shaped with tapering cuneate base; Center of apex notched and dividing blade into distinct lobes; Petiole long, with upper surface grooved. Leaf surface glabrous without midrib, and has wrinkled appearance. | }}

{{ Media2 | cat=Macroscopy
| source=PlantaPhile
| mainimage=PlantaPhile - 523.jpg
| companyimage=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL=http://plantaphile.com/

| source2=PlantaPhile
| image2=PlantaPhile - 1801.jpg
| companyimage2=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
| companyURL2=http://plantaphile.com/
| }}
|}
=Microscopic Characteristics=
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy |companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com
|companyimage2= TMLogoK832X75.jpg
| companyURL2= http://www.traditionalmedicinals.com
|mainimage= Ginkgo_micro_image_of_Stomata_with_large_guard_cells.jpg
|caption1=Stomate of Ginkgo biloba leaf with large thick-walled guard cells viewed under 1000x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate solution. Stomate of Ginkgo biloba leaf has large thick-walled guard cells [and] as well contains large rosettes of Calcium Oxalate crystals.
|source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
|image2=Ginkgo polarized ca oxalate crystal, 200x.jpg
|caption2=Calcium oxalate crystal, polarized, 200X in glycerin:dionized water solution. Epidermis has irregularly sinuous walls, often with palisade parenchmya, stomata deeply sunken surrounded by 6-8 subsidiary cells, various sizes of calcium oxalate cluster crystals abundant.
|source2= Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals http://www.traditionalmedicinals.com}}

=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
| description=Ginkgo (leaf) ''Ginkgo biloba''
| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
| mainimage=Ginkgo biloba HPTLC - Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
| caption1=''Ginkgo biloba'' HPTLC UV 365 nm
| stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
| mobilephase=ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid: formic acid: water [10/1.1/1.1/2.4]
| prep=0.3 g + 3 ml 100% grain EtOH sonicated + heated @ 50° C ~ 1 hr.
| detection=Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm
| lanes=Lane 1(3μl) ''Ginkgo biloba'' (leaf) (Vouchered Sample); Lane 2(3μl) ''Sophora japonica'' (fruit); Lane 3(3μl) ''Ginkgo
biloba'' (leaf); Lane 4(3μl) ''Ginkgo biloba'' (leaf); Lane 5(3μl) ''Ginkgo biloba'' (leaf); Lane 6(3μl) ''Ginkgo biloba'' (leaf) (USA); Lane 7(3μl) ''Ginkgo biloba'' (leaf) (China) authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference sources cited below held at Alkemists Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA.
| reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2003
| }}

=Supplementary Information=
{{Botanical | source=AHPA Known Adulterants
| companyimage=AHPA Logo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.ahpa.org/
| description=Ginkgo (leaf extract) (''Ginkgo biloba'') standardized to flavonol glycosides and terpenes.
| characteristics=AHPA recommends in its [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=223#section_known_adulterants Known Adulterants list] that appropriate steps be taken to assure that this raw material is free of the noted adulterant. [mailto:ahpa@ahpa.org Contact AHPA] for additional information regarding relevant analytical methods or follow [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=242 this link] for more information.
| adulterants=Ginkgo (''Ginkgo biloba'') leaf extract with added flavonol glycosides or aglycones (e.g., rutin, quercetin, etc.).
}}

=Sources=

<references />
[[Category:Botanical]][[Category:Microscopy]]