Achillea millefolium (flower) 2 - Revision history

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2014-02-12T16:05:51Z

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2014-02-12T15:53:00Z

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Achillea millefolium'' (flower)}}
==Nomenclature==

==Botanical Voucher Specimen==

{| border=1
| {{botcon |companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/88582}} || {{botcon |companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com}}
|-
| {{botimg |mainimage=Achillea millefolium Tropicos 88582.jpg
|source=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/88582>}}
| {{botimg |mainimage=Achillea_millefolium_IG17404BMX1_A0001.jpg
|source=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com}}
|}
==Organoleptic Characteristics==

==Macroscopic Descriptions==

==Microscopic Characteristics==
{| border=1
|

{{Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
| color=Grayish green.
| flavor=Bitter, astringent, somewhat saline.
| scent=Aromatically fragrant, resembling chamomille.
| characteristics=Epidermal cells (upper and lower) of leaves tabular with wavy vertical walls. Hair cells simple with one to six basal cells and long apical cell; walls moderately thick, smooth. A few bladdery glandular hairs. Stomata on upper and lower epidermis. Two or three rows of palisade cells. Spongy tissue of spheroidal cells. Parenchyma, bast, tracheids, spiral ducts. Fibers with prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, from stems, petioles, and veins. Pollen grains characteristic of the order..
| ash=Ash should not exceed 12 percent.
| adulterants=On account of its cheapness and wide distribution, this drug is rarely adulterated. The following species indigenous to Europe are sometimes employed: ''A. ptarmica, A. aceratum, A. nobilis, A. moschata, A. atrata, A. Nana''.
| }}

{| border=1
|   || {{botcon |companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com}}
|-
| {{botimg |mainimage=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_p_204_google_ver_achillea.png
|source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.}}
| {{botimg |mainimage=Achillea millefolium trichome.jpg
|caption1=Hair cells simple with one to six basal cells and long apical cell; walls moderately thick, smooth. 400X Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.
|source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com}}
|}

|}
==High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification==

{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
| mainimage= Achillea millefolium-whiteRT-hptlc-association.png
| caption1=Yarrow (flower) HPTLC ID - Anisaldehyde reagent, white RT
| description=Yarrow (flower) (''Achillea millefolium'')
|
| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
| mobilephase=Tolulene, ethyl acetate 95:5 (v/v)
| prep=Sample: Mix 1.0 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: Anisaldehyde reagent; Preparation: 170 mL of ice cooled methanol are mixed with 20 mL of acetic acid, 10 mL of sulfuric acid, and 1 mL of anisaldehyde. Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 4 min.
| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 25 mg of cineole in 20 mL of tolulene. Dissolve 10 mg of guaiazulene in 20 mL of tolulene.
|
| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
# 8 µL Yarrow flower 1
# 16 µL Yarrow flower 1
# 32 µL Yarrow flower 1
# 1 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)
# 3 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)
# 6 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)
# 2 µL Guaiazulene
# 5 µL Cineole
# 8 µL Yarrow flower 2
# 16 µL Yarrow flower 2
# 32 µL Yarrow flower 2
# 8 µL Yarrow flower 3
# 16 µL Yarrow flower 3
# 32 µL Yarrow flower 3

| notes=Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as a bases for setting specifications for quality control purposes.

System suitability test:
Cineole: violet zone at Rf ~ 0.38.
Guaiazulene: brown zone at Rf ~ 0.88.

Application: 2 µL of references, 16 µL of test solutions

Identification:
Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.94 right above the zone due to guaiazulene reference substance. Below this zone there is a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.70. There is a reddish-violet zone at Rf ~ 0.43 right above the zone due to cineole reference substance. Below this zone there is a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.29 (black arrows).
| }}

==Supplementary Information==

==Sources==

<references />

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:26, 20 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	~~{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Achillea millefolium'' (flower) 2}}~~
−	~~==Nomenclature==~~

−	~~==Botanical Voucher Specimen==~~
−
−	~~{\| border=1~~
−	~~\| {{botcon \|companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif~~
−	~~\| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/88582}} \|\| {{botcon \|companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg~~
−	~~\| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com}}~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| {{botimg \|mainimage=Achillea millefolium Tropicos 88582.jpg~~
−	~~\|source=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/88582>}}~~
−	~~\| {{botimg \|mainimage=Achillea_millefolium_IG17404BMX1_A0001.jpg~~
−	~~\|source=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com}}~~
−	\|}
−	~~==Organoleptic Characteristics==~~
−
−	~~==Macroscopic Descriptions==~~
−
−
−	~~==Microscopic Characteristics==~~
−	~~{\| border=1~~
−	\|
−
−
−	~~{{Microscopy \| source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.~~
−	~~\| color=Grayish green.~~
−	~~\| flavor=Bitter, astringent, somewhat saline.~~
−	~~\| scent=Aromatically fragrant, resembling chamomille.~~
−	\| characteristics=Epidermal cells (upper and lower) of leaves tabular with wavy vertical walls. Hair cells simple with one to six basal cells and long apical cell; walls moderately thick, smooth. A few bladdery glandular hairs. Stomata on upper and lower epidermis. Two or three rows of palisade cells. Spongy tissue of spheroidal cells. Parenchyma, bast, tracheids, spiral ducts. Fibers with prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, from stems, petioles, and veins. Pollen grains characteristic of the order..
−	~~\| ash=Ash should not exceed 12 percent.~~
−	\| adulterants=On account of its cheapness and wide distribution, this drug is rarely adulterated. The following species indigenous to Europe are sometimes employed: ''A. ptarmica, A. aceratum, A. nobilis, A. moschata, A. atrata, A. Nana''.
−	~~\| }}~~
−
−	~~{\| border=1~~
−	~~\|   \|\| {{botcon \|companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg~~
−	~~\| companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com}}~~
−	\|-
−	~~\| {{botimg \|mainimage=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_p_204_google_ver_achillea.png~~
−	~~\|source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.}}~~
−	~~\| {{botimg \|mainimage=Achillea millefolium trichome.jpg~~
−	~~\|caption1=Hair cells simple with one to six basal cells and long apical cell; walls moderately thick, smooth. 400X Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.~~
−	~~\|source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com}}~~
−	\|}
−
−
−	\|}
−	~~==High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification==~~
−
−	~~{{HPTLC \| source=HPTLC Association~~
−	~~\| companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png~~
−	~~\| companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/~~
−	~~\| mainimage= Achillea millefolium-whiteRT-hptlc-association.png~~
−	~~\| caption1=Yarrow (flower) HPTLC ID - Anisaldehyde reagent, white RT~~
−	~~\| description=Yarrow (flower) (''Achillea millefolium'')~~
−	\|
−	~~\| stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254~~
−	~~\| mobilephase=Tolulene, ethyl acetate 95:5 (v/v)~~
−	~~\| prep=Sample: Mix 1.0 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.~~
−
−	Derivatization reagent: Anisaldehyde reagent; Preparation: 170 mL of ice cooled methanol are mixed with 20 mL of acetic acid, 10 mL of sulfuric acid, and 1 mL of anisaldehyde. Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 4 min.
−	~~\| detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%~~
−	~~\| referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 25 mg of cineole in 20 mL of tolulene. Dissolve 10 mg of guaiazulene in 20 mL of tolulene.~~
−	\|
−	~~\| lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):~~
−	~~# 8 µL Yarrow flower 1~~
−	~~# 16 µL Yarrow flower 1~~
−	~~# 32 µL Yarrow flower 1~~
−	~~# 1 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)~~
−	~~# 3 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)~~
−	~~# 6 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)~~
−	~~# 2 µL Guaiazulene~~
−	~~# 5 µL Cineole~~
−	~~# 8 µL Yarrow flower 2~~
−	~~# 16 µL Yarrow flower 2~~
−	~~# 32 µL Yarrow flower 2~~
−	~~# 8 µL Yarrow flower 3~~
−	~~# 16 µL Yarrow flower 3~~
−	~~# 32 µL Yarrow flower 3~~
−
−
−	~~\| notes=Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as a bases for setting specifications for quality control purposes.~~
−
−	~~System suitability test:~~
−	~~Cineole: violet zone at Rf ~ 0.38.~~
−	~~Guaiazulene: brown zone at Rf ~ 0.88.~~
−
−	~~Application: 2 µL of references, 16 µL of test solutions~~
−
−	~~Identification:~~
−	Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.94 right above the zone due to guaiazulene reference substance. Below this zone there is a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.70. There is a reddish-violet zone at Rf ~ 0.43 right above the zone due to cineole reference substance. Below this zone there is a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.29 (black arrows).
−	~~\| }}~~
−
−	~~==Supplementary Information==~~
−
−	~~==Sources==~~
−
−	~~<references />~~

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:05, 12 February 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Achillea millefolium'' (flower)}}	+	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Achillea millefolium'' (flower) 2}}
	==Nomenclature==		==Nomenclature==

Achillea millefolium (flower) 2 - Revision history

Admin: Blanked the page

Admin at 16:05, 12 February 2014

Admin: *demonstration page with smaller headers*

Admin: demonstration page with smaller headers