Hoodia gordonii (aerial parts) - Revision history

Admin: correct link to CAMAG http://www.camag.com/ rather than http://www.camag.com/index.php

2015-12-08T16:54:28Z

correct link to CAMAG http://www.camag.com/ rather than http://www.camag.com/index.php

Admin: add HPLC

2015-10-30T14:41:53Z

add HPLC

Staffer: Botanical Voucher Kew added

2014-08-19T02:36:45Z

Botanical Voucher Kew added

Admin: add askbox

2014-06-02T20:24:38Z

add askbox

Staffer: Various title corrections, Source additions

2014-03-15T23:50:43Z

Various title corrections, Source additions

JKim: un-italicized spp.

2012-10-19T20:04:26Z

un-italicized spp.

JKim: Italicized scientific name

2012-10-19T19:37:35Z

Italicized scientific name

Admin at 13:51, 16 October 2012

2012-10-16T13:51:28Z

Admin at 19:36, 24 April 2012

2012-04-24T19:36:22Z

Admin: /* fix link display */

2012-04-24T19:35:57Z

‎fix link display

@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 {{HPTLC | source=AHPA Practical, CAMAG HPTLC
               | companyimage=Camag_logo.png
-              | companyURL=http://www.camag.com/index.php
+              | companyURL=http://www.camag.com/
               | mainimage=AHPA-Camag-hoodia-1-whiteRT.png
               | caption1=''Hoodia gordonii'' HPTLC ID - anisaldehyde, white RT

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:41, 30 October 2015
Line 143:		Line 143:

	===HPLC===		===HPLC===
		+	[[Category:HPLC]]
	Recent advances in chromatography has made the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) very useful for the analysis of targeted analytes in complex matrices such as botanical-based dietary supplements. The rigour and confidence in an analytical result is determined by a number of key factors including the competence of the analyst, the method selection and appropriateness, reference materials employed, and finally the test material itself. Two main approaches may be employed for HPLC analysis. They are marker or active determination, and profiling (often referred to as “fingerprinting”) techniques.		Recent advances in chromatography has made the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) very useful for the analysis of targeted analytes in complex matrices such as botanical-based dietary supplements. The rigour and confidence in an analytical result is determined by a number of key factors including the competence of the analyst, the method selection and appropriateness, reference materials employed, and finally the test material itself. Two main approaches may be employed for HPLC analysis. They are marker or active determination, and profiling (often referred to as “fingerprinting”) techniques.

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:36, 19 August 2014
Line 3:		Line 3:

	=Botanical Voucher Specimen=		=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
		+
		+	{{Media4 \| cat=Voucher
		+
		+	\| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
		+	\| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
		+	\| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000306192
		+	\| mainimage=Hoodia_gordonii_Kew_imageBarcode=K000306192_42086.jpg
		+
		+
		+	\| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
		+	\| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
		+	\| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000306196
		+	\| image2=Hoodia_gordonii_Kew_imageBarcode=K000306196_42090.jpg
		+
		+
		+	\| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
		+	\| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
		+	\| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000306197
		+	\| image3=Hoodia_gordonii_Kew_imageBarcode=K000306197_42092.jpg
		+
		+	\| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
		+	\| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
		+	\| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000306198
		+	\| image4=Hoodia_gordonii_Kew_imageBarcode=K000306198_42087.jpg
		+	}}
		+
		+	{{Media2 \| cat=Voucher
		+
		+
		+	\| source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
		+	\| companyimage=Kewlogo.gif
		+	\| companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000306198
		+	\| mainimage=Hoodia_gordonii_Kew_imageBarcode=K000306198_42093.jpg
		+
		+
		+	\| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
		+	\| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
		+	\| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000306202
		+	\| image2=Hoodia_gordonii_Kew_imageBarcode=K000306202_42097.jpg
		+
		+	}}
	=Organoleptic Characteristics=		=Organoleptic Characteristics=

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:24, 2 June 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Hoodia gordonii'' (aerial parts) }}	+	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Hoodia gordonii'' (aerial parts) }} {{askbox\|herb=''Hoodia gordonii''}}
	=Nomenclature=		=Nomenclature=

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-=Introduction=
+{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Hoodia gordonii'' (aerial parts) }}
-''Introduction from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodia_gordonii, retrieved 02/27/2012).''
+=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
-''Hoodia gordonii'' is a leafless spiny succulent plant with medicinal properties. It grows naturally in South Africa and Namibia. The flowers smell like rotten meat and are pollinated mainly by flies. The indigenous Bushmen call this plant ''ǁhoba'' (pronounced [kǁʰɔbɑ]; the initial sound is a lateral click). ''Hoodia gordonii'' was discovered and painted by col. Robert Jacob Gordon in the vicinity of the Orange River in about 1779, and identified as a ''Stapelia'', a closely related genus.
+=Macroscopic Characteristics=
-''The quoted text in this section was licensed for use under the Creative Commons ShareAlike License, version 3.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/''
+=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
-−
-=Macroscopic Entries=
-−
-=Microscopic Entries=
-−
-=HPTLC Entries=
 {{HPTLC | source=AHPA Practical, CAMAG HPTLC
               | companyimage=Camag_logo.png
@@ Line 69: / Line 66: @@
-=Other Points of Interest=
+=Supplementary Information=
 {{Botanical  | source=AHPA Known Adulterants
@@ Line 131: / Line 128: @@
 * Vitality Works
 * Wulff Africeuticals, a division of WulffCapital, LP

@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 The images provided here show characteristics of authentic material, but microscopic features indicative only of ''Hoodia gordonii'' stem have not yet been found. So far microscopy cannot reliably differentiate ''Hoodia gordonii'' from related ''Hoodia'' species or from ''Caralluma fimbriata''. However, the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, and specific cellular substructures known as sclereids and stone cells always indicate the presence of material that is NOT from ''Hoodia'' species.
-While not capable of positively identifying ''Hoodia gordonii'' stem by itself, microscopy is nevertheless very useful for detecting certain added adulterants. Microscopy is able to reveal the presence of ''Opuntia spp.'' added to ''Hoodia gordonii'' powder at a 1% concentration. Similarly the presence of maltodextrin can be detected reliably at 10% adulteration and possibly even at 1% and 5% concentrations.
+While not capable of positively identifying ''Hoodia gordonii'' stem by itself, microscopy is nevertheless very useful for detecting certain added adulterants. Microscopy is able to reveal the presence of ''Opuntia'' spp. added to ''Hoodia gordonii'' powder at a 1% concentration. Similarly the presence of maltodextrin can be detected reliably at 10% adulteration and possibly even at 1% and 5% concentrations.
-* Click here for [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=171 Microscopy images and a technique to detect adulteration with maltodextrin or ''Opuntia spp.'']
+* Click here for [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=171 Microscopy images and a technique to detect adulteration with maltodextrin or ''Opuntia'' spp.]
 ''Note: Not all web browsers present this linked page properly. Internet Explorer is among those that does show the page.''
@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 * Click [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure2.pdf here] for an [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure2.pdf HPLC method for ''Hoodia gordonii''].
-A recent publication by Avula ''et al.'' reported similar findings. Lengthening the HPLC run time for this method (see [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure2.pdf Figure 2]) now separates the peak in ''Gymnema sylvestre'', as shown in [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure3.pdf Figure 3], which previously corresponded to that of P57 with the unmodified method. The better optimized method clearly reveals 11 oxypregnane glycosides from ''Hoodia gordonii'' as shown in [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure4.pdf Figure 4]. [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure5.pdf Figure 5] demonstrates the wide variety of HPLC “fingerprints” that can be generated for ''Hoodia gordonii''. Future work may entail the acquisition of additional samples so that a wider chemical representation of ''Hoodia gordonii'' materials can be subjected to this evaluation. Discrimination from other potentially adulterating species, such as ''Stapelia spp.'', will be aided by their evaluation with this method and comparison of the results.
+A recent publication by Avula ''et al.'' reported similar findings. Lengthening the HPLC run time for this method (see [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure2.pdf Figure 2]) now separates the peak in ''Gymnema sylvestre'', as shown in [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure3.pdf Figure 3], which previously corresponded to that of P57 with the unmodified method. The better optimized method clearly reveals 11 oxypregnane glycosides from ''Hoodia gordonii'' as shown in [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure4.pdf Figure 4]. [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure5.pdf Figure 5] demonstrates the wide variety of HPLC “fingerprints” that can be generated for ''Hoodia gordonii''. Future work may entail the acquisition of additional samples so that a wider chemical representation of ''Hoodia gordonii'' materials can be subjected to this evaluation. Discrimination from other potentially adulterating species, such as ''Stapelia'' spp., will be aided by their evaluation with this method and comparison of the results.
 ===Acknowledgements===

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
+              |
               | lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
-# 5 μL Hoodia gordonii juice
+# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' juice
-# 5 μL Hoodia gordonii plant A
+# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' plant A
-# 5 μL Hoodia gordonii plant parts B
+# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' plant parts B
-# 5 μL Hoodia gordonii plant parts C
+# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' plant parts C
-# 5 μL Hoodia gordonii plant parts D
+# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' plant parts D
-# 5 μL Hoodia gordonii lower plant parts 14 P57
+# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' lower plant parts 14 P57
-# 5 μL Hoodia gordonii (part unspecified) 15 beta-sitosterol (Rf 0.89), fructose (Rf 0.17)
+# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' (part unspecified) 15 beta-sitosterol (Rf 0.89), fructose (Rf 0.17)
-# 5 μL Adulterated/misbranded H. gordonii extract
+# 5 μL Adulterated/misbranded ''H. gordonii'' extract
-# 5 μL Adulterated/misbranded H. gordonii capsules
+# 5 μL Adulterated/misbranded ''H. gordonii'' capsules
-# 5 μL Opuntia ficus-indica (part unspecified)
+# 5 μL ''Opuntia ficus-indica'' (part unspecified)
-# 5 μL Opuntia ficus-indica flowers concentrated
+# 5 μL ''Opuntia ficus-indica'' flowers concentrated
-# 5 μL Hoodia gordonii voucher specimen, powdered
+# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' voucher specimen, powdered
-# 5 μL Hoodia gordonii voucher specimen
+# 5 μL ''Hoodia gordonii'' voucher specimen
 # 5 μL P57
 # 5 μL beta-sitosterol (Rf 0.89), fructose (Rf 0.17)
-Samples for tracks 1–11 were provided by CAMAG. Tracks 12 and 13 were made samples of Hoodia
+Samples for tracks 1–11 were provided by CAMAG. Tracks 12 and 13 were made samples of ''Hoodia
-gordonii material obtained by AHPA from South Africa, the identity of which were verified by Ernst van
+gordonii'' material obtained by AHPA from South Africa, the identity of which were verified by Ernst van
 Jaarsveld, curator of Conservatory in Kirstenbosch Gardens in Capetown. The material for track 13 was
 treated for preservation purposes.
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 [[File:AHPA Logo.gif|right|150x75px|link=http://www.ahpa.org/]]
 ===Introduction===
-The American Herbal Products Association is providing here analytical tools for identification and determination of purity of powdered raw materials labeled as Hoodia gordonii stems. The work was commissioned by the AHPA Hoodia gordonii Committee and managed by AHPA staff. It was initiated through solicitation of proposals that were evaluated by an independent expert scientific review panel.
+The American Herbal Products Association is providing here analytical tools for identification and determination of purity of powdered raw materials labeled as ''Hoodia gordonii'' stems. The work was commissioned by the AHPA ''Hoodia gordonii'' Committee and managed by AHPA staff. It was initiated through solicitation of proposals that were evaluated by an independent expert scientific review panel.
-The tools consist of three methods for the characterization and identification of material labeled as Hoodia gordonii stem. These are microscopy, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These techniques are complementary tools to provide information regarding identity and purity of raw powdered material, and should be employed in concert.
+The tools consist of three methods for the characterization and identification of material labeled as ''Hoodia gordonii'' stem. These are microscopy, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These techniques are complementary tools to provide information regarding identity and purity of raw powdered material, and should be employed in concert.
 ===Microscopy===
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 The images provided here show characteristics of authentic material, but microscopic features indicative only of ''Hoodia gordonii'' stem have not yet been found. So far microscopy cannot reliably differentiate ''Hoodia gordonii'' from related ''Hoodia'' species or from ''Caralluma fimbriata''. However, the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, and specific cellular substructures known as sclereids and stone cells always indicate the presence of material that is NOT from ''Hoodia'' species.
-While not capable of positively identifying ''Hoodia gordonii'' stem by itself, microscopy is nevertheless very useful for detecting certain added adulterants. Microscopy is able to reveal the presence of ''Opuntia'' spp. added to ''Hoodia gordonii'' powder at a 1% concentration. Similarly the presence of maltodextrin can be detected reliably at 10% adulteration and possibly even at 1% and 5% concentrations.
+While not capable of positively identifying ''Hoodia gordonii'' stem by itself, microscopy is nevertheless very useful for detecting certain added adulterants. Microscopy is able to reveal the presence of ''Opuntia spp.'' added to ''Hoodia gordonii'' powder at a 1% concentration. Similarly the presence of maltodextrin can be detected reliably at 10% adulteration and possibly even at 1% and 5% concentrations.
-* Click here for [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=171 Microscopy images and a technique to detect adulteration with maltodextrin or Opuntia spp.]
+* Click here for [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=171 Microscopy images and a technique to detect adulteration with maltodextrin or ''Opuntia spp.'']
 ''Note: Not all web browsers present this linked page properly. Internet Explorer is among those that does show the page.''
@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 * Click [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure2.pdf here] for an [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure2.pdf HPLC method for ''Hoodia gordonii''].
-A recent publication by Avula ''et al.'' reported similar findings. Lengthening the HPLC run time for this method (see [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure2.pdf Figure 2]) now separates the peak in ''Gymnema sylvestre'', as shown in [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure3.pdf Figure 3], which previously corresponded to that of P57 with the unmodified method. The better optimized method clearly reveals 11 oxypregnane glycosides from ''Hoodia gordonii'' as shown in [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure4.pdf Figure 4]. [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure5.pdf Figure 5] demonstrates the wide variety of HPLC “fingerprints” that can be generated for ''Hoodia gordonii''. Future work may entail the acquisition of additional samples so that a wider chemical representation of ''Hoodia gordonii'' materials can be subjected to this evaluation. Discrimination from other potentially adulterating species, such as ''Stapelia'' spp., will be aided by their evaluation with this method and comparison of the results.
+A recent publication by Avula ''et al.'' reported similar findings. Lengthening the HPLC run time for this method (see [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure2.pdf Figure 2]) now separates the peak in ''Gymnema sylvestre'', as shown in [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure3.pdf Figure 3], which previously corresponded to that of P57 with the unmodified method. The better optimized method clearly reveals 11 oxypregnane glycosides from ''Hoodia gordonii'' as shown in [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure4.pdf Figure 4]. [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/IA/Hoodia/HPLCfigure5.pdf Figure 5] demonstrates the wide variety of HPLC “fingerprints” that can be generated for ''Hoodia gordonii''. Future work may entail the acquisition of additional samples so that a wider chemical representation of ''Hoodia gordonii'' materials can be subjected to this evaluation. Discrimination from other potentially adulterating species, such as ''Stapelia spp.'', will be aided by their evaluation with this method and comparison of the results.
 ===Acknowledgements===

@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 Preparation: 10 mL sulfuric acid is carefully added to an ice-cooled mixture of 170 mL methanol and 20 mL acetic acid, before adding 1 mL anisaldehyde
 Application: the plate is dipped then heated at 100°C for 3 min
-              | reference=Dissolve 7 mg of fructose in 5 mL of ethanol/water 7:3
+              | referencesamples=Dissolve 7 mg of fructose in 5 mL of ethanol/water 7:3
 Dissolve 2 mg of beta-sitosterol in 5 mL of methanol

@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 Equipment: CAMAG Automatic TLC Sampler 4, CAMAG Automatic Developing Chamber (ADC2) with humidity control (MgCl2 to RH 33%), CAMAG Chromatogram Immersion Device III, CAMAG TLC Plate Heater III, CAMAG Digistore 2, and CAMAG filter paper for chamber saturation base ADC2, IKA Mill KB5/10, Hettich Centrifuge EBA21, Telsonic Ultrasonic Bath TPC25, and Mettler-Toledo DC4400 and AG245 Balances.
-Further methodology available here, in AHPA Resource [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=173 HPTLC of Hoodia gordonii
+Further methodology available here, in AHPA Resource [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=173 HPTLC of Hoodia gordonii].
 ].
               | }}