Piper nigrum (fruit)

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Achillea millefolium'' (flower)}}
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Piper nigrum'' (fruit)}} {{askbox|herb=''Piper nigrum''}}
 
=Nomenclature=
 
=Nomenclature=
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{{nomenclature | binomial=Piper nigrum
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|authority=L.
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|family=Piperaceae
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|scn=black pepper (with cortex); green peppercorn (green with cortex); white pepper (decorticated)
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|syn=
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|ayurvedic=maricha
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|pinyin=
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|aka=pepper
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|notes= }}
  
 
=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
 
=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
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{{Media    |cat=Voucher
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            | source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
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            | mainimage=Piper_nigrum_Tropicos_100213130_(S).jpg
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            | companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
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            | companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100213130
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            | reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 26 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100213130>
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            | }}
  
 
=Organoleptic Characteristics=
 
=Organoleptic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Organolepsy | source=Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed.
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            | description=Odor aromatic, slightly empyreumatic; taste aromatic, very pungent.}}
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|}
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=Macroscopic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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{{Macroscopy | source=Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed.
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| description='''Plant:''' Perennial evergreen, dioecious climber; stem 6-9 M. (20-30°) long, articulated, smooth, woody, joints thickened, from which adventitious rootlets arise for adhering to support or taking root in the soil; leaves 10-15 Cm. (4-6') long, ovate, petioles 12 Mm. (1/2') long, acute at base and apex, entire, smooth, leathery, dark green, 5-7-nerved; flowers whitish, unisexual, sessile, elongated spikes.
  
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=Macroscopic Descriptions=
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'''Fruit:''' berry-like, sessile, green, then red, and when ripe yellow, nearly globular, 3.5-6 Mm. (1/7 - 1/4') broad, epicarp very thin, easily separable from the sarcocarp, grayish-black, coarsely reticulate, unilocular, 1-seeded; seed nearly white, hollow, adhering to pericarp.
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}}
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=Microscopic Characteristics=
 
=Microscopic Characteristics=
 
{| border=1
 
{| border=1
 
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{{Microscopy | source=Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed.
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| description=Powder grayish black, microscopically -- blackish-brown fragments of pericarp and nearly white of endosperm and embryo, starch grains 0.001-0.003 Mm. (1/25000 - 1/8300') broad, stone cells of epicarp and endocarp with reddish-brown substance, oil cells with yellowish oil from which piperine prisms may separate.
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}}
  
 
{{Microscopy | source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
 
{{Microscopy | source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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             | companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com
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             | companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com}} || {{botcon |companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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             | companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com}}
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             | companyURL2= http://www.alkemist.com
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|mainimage= Organic Black Pepper Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
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           |caption1= Yellow oil gland seen within the outer region of the mesocarp observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
 
           |caption1= Yellow oil gland seen within the outer region of the mesocarp observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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           |source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com}}
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           |source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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| {{botimg |mainimage= Organic Black Pepper-1 Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
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|image2= Organic Black Pepper-1 Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
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           |caption1= Group of isodiametric stone cells observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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           |caption2= Group of isodiametric stone cells observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
 
       | characteristics=cellular structures identified in this botanical specimen are yellow oil gland seen within the outer region of the mesocarp and a group iso-diametric stone cells when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
 
       | characteristics=cellular structures identified in this botanical specimen are yellow oil gland seen within the outer region of the mesocarp and a group iso-diametric stone cells when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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           |source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com}}
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           |source2= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories }}
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=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
 
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
 
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
 
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories

Latest revision as of 16:15, 7 July 2015

AHPA recognizes other valuable resources exist regarding the identity of Piper nigrum.

To submit a suggestion or contribution, please contact Merle Zimmermann.

Contents

Nomenclature

Piper nigrum L.   Piperaceae  
Standardized common name (English): black pepper (with cortex); green peppercorn (green with cortex); white pepper (decorticated)  
Ayurvedic name(s): maricha

Botanical Voucher Specimen

bottomright

Piper nigrum Tropicos 100213130 (S).jpg
Source: MOBOT, Tropicos.org[1]

Organoleptic Characteristics

Odor aromatic, slightly empyreumatic; taste aromatic, very pungent.

Source: Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed. [2]

Macroscopic Characteristics

Plant: Perennial evergreen, dioecious climber; stem 6-9 M. (20-30°) long, articulated, smooth, woody, joints thickened, from which adventitious rootlets arise for adhering to support or taking root in the soil; leaves 10-15 Cm. (4-6') long, ovate, petioles 12 Mm. (1/2') long, acute at base and apex, entire, smooth, leathery, dark green, 5-7-nerved; flowers whitish, unisexual, sessile, elongated spikes.

Fruit: berry-like, sessile, green, then red, and when ripe yellow, nearly globular, 3.5-6 Mm. (1/7 - 1/4') broad, epicarp very thin, easily separable from the sarcocarp, grayish-black, coarsely reticulate, unilocular, 1-seeded; seed nearly white, hollow, adhering to pericarp.

Source: Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed. [3]

Microscopic Characteristics

Powder grayish black, microscopically -- blackish-brown fragments of pericarp and nearly white of endosperm and embryo, starch grains 0.001-0.003 Mm. (1/25000 - 1/8300') broad, stone cells of epicarp and endocarp with reddish-brown substance, oil cells with yellowish oil from which piperine prisms may separate.

Source: Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed. [4]


Cellular structures identified in this botanical specimen are yellow oil gland seen within the outer region of the mesocarp and a group iso-diametric stone cells when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.

Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories [5]
AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg


bottomright bottomright

Organic Black Pepper Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
Yellow oil gland seen within the outer region of the mesocarp observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[6]

Organic Black Pepper-1 Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
Group of isodiametric stone cells observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[7]

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification

AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
(thumbnail)
Piper nigrum HPTLC ID - Vanillin Sulfuric Acid Reagent UV 365 nm

Black Pepper (fruit) (Piper nigrum)

Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):

  1. 3 μL Piperine ~0.1% in CH3OH
  2. 3 μL Piper nigrum-1 (fruit)
  3. 3 μL Piper nigrum-2 (fruit)
  4. 3 μL Piper nigrum-3 (fruit)
  5. 3 μL Piper nigrum-3 (fruit)
  6. 3 μL Piper nigrum-4 (fruit)
  7. 3 μL Piper nigrum-5 (fruit)
  8. 3 μL Piperine ~0.1% in CH3OH

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA. 

Stationary Phase Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates 

Mobile Phase toluene: ethyl acetate [7/3] 

Sample Preparation Method 0.3g + 3mL 100% gr EtOH, sonicate/heat @ 50°C ~ 1/2 hr 

Detection Method Vanillin/H2SO4 Reagent -> 110° C 5 min -> UV 365 nm 

Reference see Pharmacopoeia of The Peoples Republic of China, Volume 1, 2005


Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories [8]

Supplementary Information

Sources

  1. ↑ MOBOT, Tropicos.org http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100213130
  2. ↑ Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed.
  3. ↑ Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed.
  4. ↑ Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed.
  5. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  6. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  7. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  8. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
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