Achillea millefolium (flower)

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=Introduction=
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Achillea millefolium'' (flower)}}  {{askbox|herb=''Achillea millefolium''}}
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''Introduction from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achillea_millefolium, retrieved 02/20/2012).''
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=Nomenclature=
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{{nomenclature | binomial=Achillea millefolium
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|authority=L.
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|family=Asteraceae
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|scn=yarrow
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|syn=
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|ayurvedic=
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|pinyin=
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|aka=milfoil
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|notes= }}
  
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''Achillea millefolium'' or '''yarrow''' is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to the Northern Hemisphere. In New Mexico and southern Colorado, it is called ''plumajillo'', or "little feather", for the shape of the leaves. In antiquity, yarrow was known as ''herbal militaris'', for its use in staunching the flow of blood from wounds. Other common names for this species include common yarrow, gordaldo, nosebleed plant, old man's pepper, devil's nettle, sanguinary, milfoil, soldier's woundwort, thousand-leaf (as its binomial name affirms), and thousand-seal.
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=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
  
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Common yarrow is an erect herbaceous perennial plant that produces one to several stems (0.2 to 1m tall) and has a rhizomatous growth form. Leaves are evenly distributed along the stem, with the leaves near the middle and bottom of the stem being the largest. The leaves have varying degrees of hairiness (pubescence). The leaves are 5–20 cm long, bipinnate or tripinnate, almost feathery, and arranged spirally on the stems. The leaves are cauline and more or less clasping. The inflorescence has 4 to 9 phyllaries and contains ray and disk flowers which are white to pink. There are generally 3 to 8 ray flowers that are ovate to round. Disk flowers range from 15 to 40. The inflorescence is produced in a flat-topped cluster. The fruits are small achenes. Yarrow grows at low or high altitudes, up to 3500m above sea level. The plant commonly flowers from May through June, and is a frequent component in butterfly gardens. Common yarrow is frequently found in the mildly disturbed soil of grasslands and open forests. Active growth occurs in the spring.
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{{Media3 |cat=Voucher
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| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
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| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/88582
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| mainimage=Achillea millefolium Tropicos 88582.jpg
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| source=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013
  
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In North America, there are both native and introduced genotypes, and both diploid and polyploid plants. The plant has a strong, sweet scent, similar to chrysanthemums.
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| companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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| companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
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| image2=Achillea_millefolium_IG17404BMX1_A0001.jpg
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| source2=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
  
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''The quoted text in this section was licensed for use under the Creative Commons ShareAlike License, version 3.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/''
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| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
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=Macroscopic Entries=
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| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000942133
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| image3=Achillea millefolium Kew imageBarcode=K000942133 488979.jpg
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| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  
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{{Macroscopy | source=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
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}}
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            | mainimage=Achillea_millefolium_IG17404BMX1_A0001.jpg
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            | companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
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            | caption1=Yarrow Botanical Voucher Specimen - Alkemists Laboratories
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            | description=Yarrow (flowering parts) (''Achillea Millefolium'')
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            | }}
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=Microscopic Entries=
 
  
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=Organoleptic Characteristics=
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=Macroscopic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Macroscopy | source=American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930)
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| description=[Yarrow] is from 10 to 20 inches high and has many finely divided, feathery dark-green leaves.  From June to September the plant produces flat-topped panicles consisting of numerous small, white flower heads.
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}}
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|}
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=Microscopic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
 
{{Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
 
{{Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
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            | mainimage=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_p_204_google_ver_achillea.png
 
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            | description=Yarrow (flowering parts) (''Achillea Millefolium'')
 
 
             | color=Grayish green.
 
             | color=Grayish green.
 
             | flavor=Bitter, astringent, somewhat saline.
 
             | flavor=Bitter, astringent, somewhat saline.
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             | }}
 
             | }}
  
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{{Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg Alkemists Labs.
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{{media2 |cat=Microscopy
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            | mainimage=Achillea millefolium trichome.jpg
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|companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | description=Yarrow (Trichome) (''Achillea Millefolium'')
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            | companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
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            | characteristics=Hair cells simple with one to six basal cells and long apical cell; walls moderately thick, smooth. 400X Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.
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|mainimage=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_p_204_google_ver_achillea.png
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            | }}
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          |source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
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|image2=Achillea millefolium trichome.jpg
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          |caption2=Hair cells simple with one to six basal cells and long apical cell; walls moderately thick, smooth. 400X Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.
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          |source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories}}
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|}
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=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
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{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
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            | companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
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            | companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
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            | mainimage= Achillea millefolium-whiteRT-hptlc-association.png
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            | caption1=Yarrow (flower) HPTLC ID - Anisaldehyde reagent, white RT
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            | description=Yarrow (flower) (''Achillea millefolium'')
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            |
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            | stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
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            | mobilephase=Tolulene, ethyl acetate 95:5 (v/v)
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            | prep=Sample: Mix 1.0 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.
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Derivatization reagent: Anisaldehyde reagent; Preparation: 170 mL of ice cooled methanol are mixed with 20 mL of acetic acid, 10 mL of sulfuric acid, and 1 mL of anisaldehyde.  Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 4 min.
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            | detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
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            | referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 25 mg of cineole in 20 mL of tolulene.  Dissolve 10 mg of guaiazulene in 20 mL of tolulene.
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            |
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            | lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
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# 8 µL Yarrow flower 1
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# 16 µL Yarrow flower 1
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# 32 µL Yarrow flower 1
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# 1 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)
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# 3 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)
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# 6 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)
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# 2 µL Guaiazulene
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# 5 µL Cineole
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# 8 µL Yarrow flower 2
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# 16 µL Yarrow flower 2
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# 32 µL Yarrow flower 2
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# 8 µL Yarrow flower 3
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# 16 µL Yarrow flower 3
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# 32 µL Yarrow flower 3
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            | notes=Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as a bases for setting specifications for quality control purposes.
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System suitability test:
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Cineole: violet zone at Rf ~ 0.38.
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Guaiazulene: brown zone at Rf ~ 0.88.
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Application: 2 µL of references, 16 µL of test solutions
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Identification:
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Compare result with reference images.  The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample.  Additional weak zones may be present.  The chromatogram of the test solution shows a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.94 right above the zone due to guaiazulene reference substance.  Below this zone there is a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.70.  There is a reddish-violet zone at Rf ~ 0.43 right above the zone due to cineole reference substance.  Below this zone there is a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.29 (black arrows).
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            | }}
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=Supplementary Information=
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===CE/HPLC flavonoid determination, Kocevar, ''et al.'', 2008===
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'''Comparison of capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography for determination of flavonoids in ''Achillea millefolium'','''
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<blockquote>'''Abstract.'''
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Flavonoids represent an important bioactive component in ''Achillea millefolium''. The comparison of the most commonly used analytical methods for the identification and quantification of flavonoids, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is presented. The methods were optimized and validated. Using a 20 mM borate buffer with 30% (v/v) of methanol (pH 9.3) in the CE analysis and a gradient elution with water–acetonitrile mobile phase in the HPLC analysis, sufficient separation of the analytes was achieved. A relatively high injection volume in the CE analysis (30 mbar × 30 s) enabled low limit of detection (LOD) (0.3–0.7 mg/L). Repeatability of both methods was acceptable (relative standard deviation of peak area were <6%). Additionally, the amount of flavonoids in a real sample of the dried herbal drug was determined.<ref>Kočevar, N., Glavač, I., Injac, R., Kreft, S., 2008. Comparison of capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography for determination of flavonoids in ''Achillea millefolium''  ''Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis'' 46(3), 609-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.11.016</ref></blockquote>
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=Sources=
  
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=HPTLC Entries=
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<references />
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=Other Points of Interest=
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Latest revision as of 19:31, 26 April 2016

AHPA recognizes other valuable resources exist regarding the identity of Achillea millefolium.

To submit a suggestion or contribution, please contact Merle Zimmermann.

Contents

Nomenclature

Achillea millefolium L.   Asteraceae  
Standardized common name (English): yarrow

Botanical Voucher Specimen

bottomright bottomright bottomright

Achillea millefolium Tropicos 88582.jpg
Source: Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013[1]

Achillea millefolium IG17404BMX1 A0001.jpg
Source: Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories[2]

Achillea millefolium Kew imageBarcode=K000942133 488979.jpg
Source: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.[3]


Organoleptic Characteristics

Macroscopic Characteristics

[Yarrow] is from 10 to 20 inches high and has many finely divided, feathery dark-green leaves. From June to September the plant produces flat-topped panicles consisting of numerous small, white flower heads.

Source: American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930) [4]

Microscopic Characteristics

Epidermal cells (upper and lower) of leaves tabular with wavy vertical walls. Hair cells simple with one to six basal cells and long apical cell; walls moderately thick, smooth. A few bladdery glandular hairs. Stomata on upper and lower epidermis. Two or three rows of palisade cells. Spongy tissue of spheroidal cells. Parenchyma, bast, tracheids, spiral ducts. Fibers with prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, from stems, petioles, and veins. Pollen grains characteristic of the order..

Source: Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed. [5]


bottomright

Microanalysis powdered vegetable p 204 google ver achillea.png
Source: Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.[6]

Achillea millefolium trichome.jpg
Hair cells simple with one to six basal cells and long apical cell; walls moderately thick, smooth. 400X Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[7]

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification

HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
(thumbnail)
Yarrow (flower) HPTLC ID - Anisaldehyde reagent, white RT

Yarrow (flower) (Achillea millefolium)

Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):

  1. 8 µL Yarrow flower 1
  2. 16 µL Yarrow flower 1
  3. 32 µL Yarrow flower 1
  4. 1 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)
  5. 3 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)
  6. 6 µL Yarrow flower 1 (Ph. Eur extr.)
  7. 2 µL Guaiazulene
  8. 5 µL Cineole
  9. 8 µL Yarrow flower 2
  10. 16 µL Yarrow flower 2
  11. 32 µL Yarrow flower 2
  12. 8 µL Yarrow flower 3
  13. 16 µL Yarrow flower 3
  14. 32 µL Yarrow flower 3 

Reference Sample(s) Reference: Dissolve 25 mg of cineole in 20 mL of tolulene. Dissolve 10 mg of guaiazulene in 20 mL of tolulene. 

Stationary Phase Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254 

Mobile Phase Tolulene, ethyl acetate 95:5 (v/v) 

Sample Preparation Method Sample: Mix 1.0 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: Anisaldehyde reagent; Preparation: 170 mL of ice cooled methanol are mixed with 20 mL of acetic acid, 10 mL of sulfuric acid, and 1 mL of anisaldehyde. Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 4 min. 

Detection Method Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33% 

Other Notes Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as a bases for setting specifications for quality control purposes.

System suitability test: Cineole: violet zone at Rf ~ 0.38. Guaiazulene: brown zone at Rf ~ 0.88.

Application: 2 µL of references, 16 µL of test solutions

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.94 right above the zone due to guaiazulene reference substance. Below this zone there is a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.70. There is a reddish-violet zone at Rf ~ 0.43 right above the zone due to cineole reference substance. Below this zone there is a violet zone at Rf ~ 0.29 (black arrows).


Source: HPTLC Association [8]

Supplementary Information

CE/HPLC flavonoid determination, Kocevar, et al., 2008

Comparison of capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography for determination of flavonoids in Achillea millefolium,

Abstract. Flavonoids represent an important bioactive component in Achillea millefolium. The comparison of the most commonly used analytical methods for the identification and quantification of flavonoids, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is presented. The methods were optimized and validated. Using a 20 mM borate buffer with 30% (v/v) of methanol (pH 9.3) in the CE analysis and a gradient elution with water–acetonitrile mobile phase in the HPLC analysis, sufficient separation of the analytes was achieved. A relatively high injection volume in the CE analysis (30 mbar × 30 s) enabled low limit of detection (LOD) (0.3–0.7 mg/L). Repeatability of both methods was acceptable (relative standard deviation of peak area were <6%). Additionally, the amount of flavonoids in a real sample of the dried herbal drug was determined.[9]

Sources

  1. ↑ Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013 http://www.tropicos.org/Image/88582
  2. ↑ Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  3. ↑ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000942133
  4. ↑ American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930)
  5. ↑ Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
  6. ↑ Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
  7. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  8. ↑ HPTLC Association http://www.hptlc-association.org/
  9. ↑ Kočevar, N., Glavač, I., Injac, R., Kreft, S., 2008. Comparison of capillary electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography for determination of flavonoids in Achillea millefolium Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 46(3), 609-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.11.016
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