Aesculus hippocastanum (seed)

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=Introduction=
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Aesculus hippocastanum'' (seed)}} {{askbox|herb=''Aesculus hippocastanum''}}
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''Introduction from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesculus_hippocastanum, retrieved 02/20/2012).''
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=Nomenclature=
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{{nomenclature | binomial=Aesculus hippocastanum
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|authority= L.
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|family=Hippocastanaceae
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|scn=horse chestnut
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|syn=
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|aka=
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|notes=}}
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=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
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{{Media2 |cat=Voucher
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| companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
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|mainimage=Aesculus hippocastanum MF32004BMX1 A1299.jpg
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          |source=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
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| companyimage2=Kewlogo.gif
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| companyURL2=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000914265
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| image2=Aesculus_hippocastanum_Kew_imageBarcode=K000914265_517072.jpg
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| source2=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.  
  
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''Aesculus hippocastanum'' is a large deciduous tree, commonly known as Horse-chestnut or Conker tree.
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}}
  
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''Aesculus hippocastanum'' is native to a small area in the mountains of the Balkans in southeast Europe, in small areas in northern Greece, Albania, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, and Bulgaria (Pindus Mountains mixed forests and Balkan mixed forests). It is widely cultivated throughout the temperate world.
 
  
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It grows to 36 m tall, with a domed crown of stout branches, on old trees the outer branches often pendulous with curled-up tips. The leaves are opposite and palmately compound, with 5–7 leaflets; each leaflet is 13–30 cm long, making the whole leaf up to 60 cm across, with a 7–20 cm petiole. The leaf scars left on twigs after the leaves have fallen have a distinctive horseshoe shape, complete with seven "nails". The flowers are usually white with a small red spot; they are produced in spring in erect panicles 10–30 cm tall with about 20–50 flowers on each panicle. Usually only 1–5 fruit develop on each panicle; the shell is a green, softly spiky capsule containing one (rarely two or three) nut-like seeds called conkers or horse-chestnuts. Each conker is 2–4 cm diameter, glossy nut-brown with a whitish scar at the base.
 
  
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''The quoted text in this section was licensed for use under the Creative Commons ShareAlike License, version 3.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/''
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=Organoleptic Characteristics=
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=Macroscopic Entries=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| description="...bitter, disagreeable taste..."
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}}
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|}
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=Macroscopic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Macroscopy | source=American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930)
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| description=The horsechestnut is a rather large tree, usually reaching 40 feet or more in height. The large leaves are composed of five to seven leaflets from 4 to 8 inches long, pointed, and broader at the top than at the base.  In June it produces handsome flower clusters sometimes a foot in length, consisting of large white flowers spotted with yellow and red. The fruit is round and prickly and contains a large shining brown nut.
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}}
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{{Media3    | cat=Macroscopy
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            | companyimage= TropicosLogo.gif
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            | companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/35153
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            | mainimage=Aesculus hippocastanum Tropicos 35153.jpg
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            | source=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013
  
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{{Macroscopy | source=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
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            | source2=PlantaPhile
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             | mainimage=Aesculus hippocastanum MF32004BMX1 A1299.jpg
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             | image2=PlantaPhile - 656.jpg
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             | companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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             | companyimage2=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
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             | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
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             | companyURL2=http://plantaphile.com/
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            | caption1=Horse Chestnut (leaf) Botanical Voucher Specimen - Alkemists Laboratories
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            | description=Horse Chestnut (leaf) (''Aesculus hippocastanum'')
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            | }}
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=Microscopic Entries=
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            | source3=PlantaPhile
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            | image3=PlantaPhile - 1796.jpg
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            | companyimage3=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
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            | companyURL3=http://plantaphile.com/
  
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{{Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
 
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            | companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
 
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            | companyURL=http://www.Alkemist.com
 
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            | mainimage=Aesculus_hippocastanum_L._-Hippocastanaceae--1.jpg
 
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            | caption1=Large thin-walled parenchyma showing intercellular spaces of Aesculus hippocastanum seed viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
 
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            | description=Horse Chestnut (seed) (''Aesculus hippocastanum L.'')
 
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            | image2=Aesculus_hippocastanum_L._-Hippocastanaceae--2.jpg
 
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            | caption2=starch granules showing well marked cleft of Aesculus hippocastanum seed viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
 
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            | reference=British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1996
 
 
             | }}
 
             | }}
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|}
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=Microscopic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Microscopy | source=Winton, A. (1916) Microscopy of vegetable foods, 2nd ed.
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| description=Especially noticable [under the microscope] are the grotesque shapes [of horse-chestnut starch]. Quite often two or more grains are united to form irregularly shaped aggregates. Suppantschitsch rightly notes that the individuals of these aggregates are so closely consolidated that they can be distinguished only with the aid of the polariscope. Among the grains are numerous pear-shaped reniform and irregularly swollen forms.  The large grains are mostly 20 to 30 microns long, but occasionally reach 40 microns.  The small grains are often scarcely measurable.  [The hilium] is distinct and situated at the broader end.  A longitudinal cleft passing through the hilium is sometimes present.  Rings are indistinct.  Polarization crosses are distinct in the large grains.  A play of colors is obtained with the selenite plate.
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}}
  
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=HPTLC Entries=
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{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy |companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
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|companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
 +
            | companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
 +
|mainimage=Aesculus_hippocastanum_L._-Hippocastanaceae--1.jpg
 +
          |caption1=Large thin-walled parenchyma showing intercellular spaces of Aesculus hippocastanum seed viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
 +
          |source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
 +
|image2=Aesculus_hippocastanum_L._-Hippocastanaceae--2.jpg
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          |caption2=Starch granules showing well marked cleft of Aesculus hippocastanum seed viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
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          |source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories }}
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|}
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=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
  
 
{{HPTLC | source=CAMAG HPTLC
 
{{HPTLC | source=CAMAG HPTLC
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=Other Points of Interest=
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=Supplementary Information=
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=Sources=
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<references />

Latest revision as of 17:50, 24 June 2015

AHPA recognizes other valuable resources exist regarding the identity of Aesculus hippocastanum.

To submit a suggestion or contribution, please contact Merle Zimmermann.

Contents

Nomenclature

Aesculus hippocastanum L.   Hippocastanaceae  
Standardized common name (English): horse chestnut

Botanical Voucher Specimen

bottomright bottomright

Aesculus hippocastanum MF32004BMX1 A1299.jpg
Source: Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories[1]

Aesculus hippocastanum Kew imageBarcode=K000914265 517072.jpg
Source: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.[2]


Organoleptic Characteristics

"...bitter, disagreeable taste..."

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [3]

Macroscopic Characteristics

The horsechestnut is a rather large tree, usually reaching 40 feet or more in height. The large leaves are composed of five to seven leaflets from 4 to 8 inches long, pointed, and broader at the top than at the base. In June it produces handsome flower clusters sometimes a foot in length, consisting of large white flowers spotted with yellow and red. The fruit is round and prickly and contains a large shining brown nut.

Source: American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930) [4]
bottomright bottomright bottomright

Aesculus hippocastanum Tropicos 35153.jpg
Source: Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013[5]

PlantaPhile - 656.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[6]

PlantaPhile - 1796.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[7]

Microscopic Characteristics

Especially noticable [under the microscope] are the grotesque shapes [of horse-chestnut starch]. Quite often two or more grains are united to form irregularly shaped aggregates. Suppantschitsch rightly notes that the individuals of these aggregates are so closely consolidated that they can be distinguished only with the aid of the polariscope. Among the grains are numerous pear-shaped reniform and irregularly swollen forms. The large grains are mostly 20 to 30 microns long, but occasionally reach 40 microns. The small grains are often scarcely measurable. [The hilium] is distinct and situated at the broader end. A longitudinal cleft passing through the hilium is sometimes present. Rings are indistinct. Polarization crosses are distinct in the large grains. A play of colors is obtained with the selenite plate.

Source: Winton, A. (1916) Microscopy of vegetable foods, 2nd ed. [8]


bottomright bottomright

Aesculus hippocastanum L. -Hippocastanaceae--1.jpg
Large thin-walled parenchyma showing intercellular spaces of Aesculus hippocastanum seed viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[9]

Aesculus hippocastanum L. -Hippocastanaceae--2.jpg
Starch granules showing well marked cleft of Aesculus hippocastanum seed viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[10]

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification

Camag logo.png
(thumbnail)
Horse Chestnut HPTLC ID - Anisaldehyde Reagent, White RT.

Horse Chestnut (seed) (Aesculus hippocastanum)

Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):

  1. 10 μL Escin
  2. 10 μL Horse Chestnut whole 1
  3. 10 μL Horse Chestnut powder
  4. 12 μL Horse Chestnut whole 2 

Reference Sample(s) Reference: Dissolve 15 mg of escin in 3 mL of methanol. 

Stationary Phase Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254 

Mobile Phase 1-butanol, water, glacial acetic acid 50:40:10 (v/v/v) 

Sample Preparation Method Sample: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of ethanol-water (7:3), heat on a steam bath for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions

Anisaldehyde Reagent Preparation: 1mL anisaldehyde reagent, 20mL acetic acid 99%, 170mL methanol, 10ml sulfuric acid 95%-97% 

Detection Method Anisaldehyde Reagent Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 4 min 

Other Notes Compare result under white RT with reference images in Image Comparison Viewer. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present.

A. hippocastanum Identification: Above the zone due to escin the chromatogram shows several narrow, brown to brownish-red zones that are less intense than the zone corresponding to escin.


Source: CAMAG HPTLC [11]


Supplementary Information

Sources

  1. ↑ Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  2. ↑ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000914265
  3. ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
  4. ↑ American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930)
  5. ↑ Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 05 Aug 2013 http://www.tropicos.org/Image/35153
  6. ↑ PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  7. ↑ PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  8. ↑ Winton, A. (1916) Microscopy of vegetable foods, 2nd ed.
  9. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  10. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  11. ↑ CAMAG HPTLC http://www.camag.com/index.php
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