Althaea officinalis (root)

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=Introduction=
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:'' Althaea officinalis'' (root) }} {{askbox|herb=''Althaea officinalis''}}
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=Macroscopic Entries=
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=Nomenclature=
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=Microscopic Entries=
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{{Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories-Powdered Vegetable Drugs, Jackson, B., 1968
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{{nomenclature | binomial=Althaea officinalis
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|authority=L.
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|family=Malvaceae
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|scn=marshmallow
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|syn=
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|ayurvedic=
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|pinyin=
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|aka=althaea; althea
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|notes= }}
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=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
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=Organoleptic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| description="''Althaea officinalis'' ... odor slight; taste sweetish, mucilaginous."}}
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|}
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=Macroscopic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| description="''Althaea officinalis'' is an herbaceous perennial, with a perpendicular branching root and erect woolly stems, from two to four feet or more in height, branched and leafy towards the summit.
 +
 
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The flowers are terminal and axillary, with short peduncles, each bearing one, two, or three flowers.
 +
 
 +
The corolla has five spreading, obcordate petals, of a pale rose color. The
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fruit consists of numerous capsules united in a compact circular form,
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each containing a single seed.
 +
 
 +
"''Althaea'' is usually cut into small pieces about 5 mm. in diameter, of a uniform grayish-white color and otherwise having the characters of entire roots; occasionally entire, slenderly tapering, attaining a length of 30 cm. and a thickness of 2 cm., externally whitish, longitudinally furrowed, frequently spirally twisted and covered with the somewhat loosened bast-fibers; fracture of bark fibrous, of wood short and granular; internally yellowish-white; bark 1 to 2 mm. thick, porous, due to mucilage cells, and separated from the slightly radiating wood by a distinct, grayish cambium zone..." }}
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{{Media4 |cat=Macroscopy | source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
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| source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
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            | mainimage=Althaea officinalis Tropicos 100107288.jpg
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            | companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
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            | companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100107288
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            | companyimage2=TropicosLogo.gif
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            | companyURL2=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100107287
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            | image2=Althaea officinalis Tropicos 1000107287.jpg
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            | reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 06 Aug 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100107288>, Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 06 Aug 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100107287>
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            | source3=PlantaPhile
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            | image3=PlantaPhile - 841.jpg
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            | companyimage3=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
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            | companyURL3=http://plantaphile.com/
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            | source4=PlantaPhile
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            | image4=PlantaPhile - 1917.jpg
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            | companyimage4=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
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            | companyURL4=http://plantaphile.com/
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            | }}
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|}
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=Microscopic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| description=The powder is whitish; starch grains numerous, from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter, usually with a long cleft at the point of origin of growth; sclerenchymatous fibers in groups, the walls being quite thick and more or less lignified; trachese with scalariform thickenings or with bordered pores; calcium oxalate crystals few, in rosette aggregates from 0.02 mm. to 0.03 mm. in diameter. }}
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{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
 
       | companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
 
       | companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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       | companyURL=http://www.Alkemist.com
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       | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
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| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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      | companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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      | companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
 
       | mainimage=Marshmallow Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
 
       | mainimage=Marshmallow Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
 
       | caption1=Bast fibers observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
 
       | caption1=Bast fibers observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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       | caption2=Mucilage bearing parenchyma cells with a rosette of calcium oxalate observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
 
       | caption2=Mucilage bearing parenchyma cells with a rosette of calcium oxalate observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
 
       | characteristics=cellular structures identified in this botanical specimen are bast fibers and the mucilage bearing parenchyma cells with a rosette of calcium oxalate when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
 
       | characteristics=cellular structures identified in this botanical specimen are bast fibers and the mucilage bearing parenchyma cells with a rosette of calcium oxalate when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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            | reference=Powdered Vegetable Drugs, Jackson, B., 1968
 
       | }}
 
       | }}
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|}
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=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
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{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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            | description=Marshmallow (root) (''Althaea officinalis'')
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            | companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
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            | mainimage=Althaea_officinalis_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg
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            | caption1=''Althaea officinalis'' HPTLC ID - Natural Product Reagent + PEG UV 365 nm
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            | stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
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            | mobilephase=ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid: formic acid: water [10/1.1/1.1/2.4]
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            | prep=0.5 g + 5 mL MeOH sonicate/heat @ 50°C ~ 1/2 hr, cntrfg, evap w N2, qs 1mL MeOH
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            | detection=Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm
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            | lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
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# 1 μL Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Hyperoside, Rutin ~0.1% in CH3OH
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# 3 μL ''Althaea officinalis''-1 (root)
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# 3 μL ''Althaea officinalis''-2 (root)
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# 3 μL ''Althaea officinalis''-3 (root)
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# 3 μL ''Althaea officinalis''-3 (root)
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# 3 μL ''Althaea officinalis''-4 (root)
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# 3 μL ''Althaea officinalis''-5 (root)
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# 1 μL Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Hyperoside, Rutin ~0.1% in CH3OH
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Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA.
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            | reference=British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1996
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            | }}
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=Supplementary Information=
  
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=Sources=
  
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=HPTLC Entries=
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<references />
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=Other Points of Interest=
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[[Category:blank]]
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Latest revision as of 23:40, 5 May 2015

AHPA recognizes other valuable resources exist regarding the identity of Althaea officinalis.

To submit a suggestion or contribution, please contact Merle Zimmermann.

Contents

Nomenclature

Althaea officinalis L.   Malvaceae  
Standardized common name (English): marshmallow

Botanical Voucher Specimen

Organoleptic Characteristics

"Althaea officinalis ... odor slight; taste sweetish, mucilaginous."

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [1]

Macroscopic Characteristics

"Althaea officinalis is an herbaceous perennial, with a perpendicular branching root and erect woolly stems, from two to four feet or more in height, branched and leafy towards the summit.

The flowers are terminal and axillary, with short peduncles, each bearing one, two, or three flowers.

The corolla has five spreading, obcordate petals, of a pale rose color. The fruit consists of numerous capsules united in a compact circular form, each containing a single seed.

"Althaea is usually cut into small pieces about 5 mm. in diameter, of a uniform grayish-white color and otherwise having the characters of entire roots; occasionally entire, slenderly tapering, attaining a length of 30 cm. and a thickness of 2 cm., externally whitish, longitudinally furrowed, frequently spirally twisted and covered with the somewhat loosened bast-fibers; fracture of bark fibrous, of wood short and granular; internally yellowish-white; bark 1 to 2 mm. thick, porous, due to mucilage cells, and separated from the slightly radiating wood by a distinct, grayish cambium zone..."

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [2]
bottomright bottomright bottomright bottomright

Althaea officinalis Tropicos 100107288.jpg
Source: MOBOT, Tropicos.org[3]

Althaea officinalis Tropicos 1000107287.jpg
Source: MOBOT, Tropicos.org[4]

PlantaPhile - 841.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[5]

PlantaPhile - 1917.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[6]

Microscopic Characteristics

The powder is whitish; starch grains numerous, from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter, usually with a long cleft at the point of origin of growth; sclerenchymatous fibers in groups, the walls being quite thick and more or less lignified; trachese with scalariform thickenings or with bordered pores; calcium oxalate crystals few, in rosette aggregates from 0.02 mm. to 0.03 mm. in diameter.

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [7]
bottomright bottomright

Marshmallow Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
Bast fibers observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[8]

Marshmallow-1 Alkemist Laboratories.jpg
Mucilage bearing parenchyma cells with a rosette of calcium oxalate observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[9]

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification

AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
(thumbnail)
Althaea officinalis HPTLC ID - Natural Product Reagent + PEG UV 365 nm

Marshmallow (root) (Althaea officinalis)

Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):

  1. 1 μL Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Hyperoside, Rutin ~0.1% in CH3OH
  2. 3 μL Althaea officinalis-1 (root)
  3. 3 μL Althaea officinalis-2 (root)
  4. 3 μL Althaea officinalis-3 (root)
  5. 3 μL Althaea officinalis-3 (root)
  6. 3 μL Althaea officinalis-4 (root)
  7. 3 μL Althaea officinalis-5 (root)
  8. 1 μL Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic Acid, Hyperoside, Rutin ~0.1% in CH3OH

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA. 

Stationary Phase Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates 

Mobile Phase ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid: formic acid: water [10/1.1/1.1/2.4] 

Sample Preparation Method 0.5 g + 5 mL MeOH sonicate/heat @ 50°C ~ 1/2 hr, cntrfg, evap w N2, qs 1mL MeOH 

Detection Method Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm 

Reference see British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 1996


Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories [10]

Supplementary Information

Sources

  1. ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
  2. ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
  3. ↑ MOBOT, Tropicos.org http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100107288
  4. ↑ MOBOT, Tropicos.org http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100107287
  5. ↑ PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  6. ↑ PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  7. ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
  8. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  9. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  10. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
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