Camellia sinensis (leaf)
(add Clayton et al) |
|||
Line 34: | Line 34: | ||
{| border=1 | {| border=1 | ||
| | | | ||
+ | {{Macroscopy | source=Clayton et al. ''Compendium of food microscopy'' (1909). | ||
+ | | description= "Youngest leaves narrow, downy, and but slightly serrated. Leaves next in age and size delicately serrated, but venation little perceptible. Leaves of medium and large sizes strongly, deeply, and widely serrated, with well-marked venation, a series of characteristic loops being formed along each margin of the leaves."}} | ||
+ | |||
{{Macroscopy | source=Piovan A, Filippini R, Vecchia FD, Caniato R. Comparative Study of Leaf Morphology, Phenolics and Methylxanthines in ''Camellia sinensis'' Teas from the Italian Market. ''Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry'' 2014; 2(5): 154-160. | {{Macroscopy | source=Piovan A, Filippini R, Vecchia FD, Caniato R. Comparative Study of Leaf Morphology, Phenolics and Methylxanthines in ''Camellia sinensis'' Teas from the Italian Market. ''Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry'' 2014; 2(5): 154-160. | ||
| description= "... Leaf blade was symmetric, longley oblong or oblong in shape, abaxially pale green and glabrous or pubescent, adaxially dark green, shiny, and glabrous. Leaves base was cuneate or rounded and apex was short acuminate or obtusely acuminate. The shape, as well as the size and color, was closely related to the leaf age and its stage of growth. The margin spacing was regular. Unicellular covering trichomes occurred on the abaxial side of the young leaves and frequently more abundant on the midrib than on the margin. These trichomes were absent in the old leaves. The marginal configuration was spherulate bearing a small-clavate glandular apical termination. In the young leaves these glands were light-colored and gelatinous while in the old ones were dark, leathery and easily detached."}} | | description= "... Leaf blade was symmetric, longley oblong or oblong in shape, abaxially pale green and glabrous or pubescent, adaxially dark green, shiny, and glabrous. Leaves base was cuneate or rounded and apex was short acuminate or obtusely acuminate. The shape, as well as the size and color, was closely related to the leaf age and its stage of growth. The margin spacing was regular. Unicellular covering trichomes occurred on the abaxial side of the young leaves and frequently more abundant on the midrib than on the margin. These trichomes were absent in the old leaves. The marginal configuration was spherulate bearing a small-clavate glandular apical termination. In the young leaves these glands were light-colored and gelatinous while in the old ones were dark, leathery and easily detached."}} | ||
Line 71: | Line 74: | ||
{| border=1 | {| border=1 | ||
| | | | ||
+ | {{Macroscopy | source=Clayton et al. ''Compendium of food microscopy'' (1909). | ||
+ | | description= "1. Upper epidermal cells small and only slightly angular, in leaf of medium size; but larger, more angular, and with walls more distinctly visible, in the old and hard leaf. Hairs and stomata absent. Parenchymal cells similar to those of most other leaves, and not very distinctive. 2. Cells of the lower epidermis larger than those of the upper surface, and associated with stomata and hairs. Stomata, oval or sometimes nearly round, formed of two reniform cells (guard cells) encircling a very apparent aperture; rather numerous, and confined to the under surface of the leaves. The epidermal cells are themselves curved in the neighborhood of the stomata. Hairs short, pointed, and undivided; confined to the under surface of the leaf: very numerous on young leaves, less abundant on old leaves. Wood fibre not characteristic."}} | ||
{{Microscopy | source=Greenish, H. et. al. (1908) An Anatomical Atlas of Vegetable Powders | {{Microscopy | source=Greenish, H. et. al. (1908) An Anatomical Atlas of Vegetable Powders |
Revision as of 19:47, 3 March 2014
Contents |
Nomenclature
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Theaceae
Standardized common name (English): tea
Botanical Voucher Specimen
|
|
|
Organoleptic Characteristics
|
Macroscopic Characteristics
|
Microscopic Characteristics
|
Liquid Chromatographic Identification
Camellia sinensis (leaf) UPLC Extraction Solvent: Acetone & water (80:20) Diluent: 0.5% formic acid in water Test Sample Preparation: Transfer 1 g of ground plant material into a screw cap bottle, add 50 ml of Extraction Solvent, tightly cap, and shake for 4 h in a mechanical shaker at room temperature. Filter about 10 ml of extract using a 0.20 um PTFE membrane filter. Dilute 2.0 ml of filtered solution to 10 mL with Diluent. Column: 100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 um, Waters Acquity BEH C18 Mobile Phase: 0.5% formic acid in acetonitrile (Solution A) and 0.5% formic acid in water (Solution B) Elution: Gradient, see Table below Column Temperature: 30°C Flow rate: See Table below Detection: UV, 274 nm Injection volume: 1.0 uL, maintained at 10°C Needle wash: Acetonitrile Source: Indena S.p.A. [19] Table: Gradient program
|
Camellia sinensis (leaf) HPLC Extraction Solvent: Acetone, water (80:20) Diluent: 0.05% formic acid in water Test Sample Preparation: Transfer 1 g of ground plant material into a screw cap bottle, add 50 ml of Extraction Solvent, tightly cap, and shake for 4 h in a mechanical shaker at room temperature. Filter about 10 ml of extract using a 0.20 um PTFE membrane filter. Dilute 2.0 ml of filtered solution to 10 mL with Diluent. Column: 15-cm x 4.6-mm, 3 um, YMC-Pack ODS-A Mobile Phase: 0.05% formic acid in water (Solution A), 0.05% formic acid in methanol (Solution B), and acetonitrile (Solution C) Elution: Gradient, see Tables below Column Temperature: 40°C Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min Detection: UV, 274 nm Injection volume: 10 uL Source: Indena S.p.A. [20] Table for HPLC systems with dwell volume ˂ 2.0 mL
Table for HPLC systems with dwell volume > 4.0 mL
|
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification
Green Tea (leaf) (Camellia sinensis) Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA. Stationary Phase Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates Mobile Phase CHCl3: ethyl formate: HCOOH [5/4/1] Sample Preparation Method 0.3 g + 3ml 70% grain EtOH sonicated + heated @ 50° C ~ 1 hr Detection Method Vanillin/H2SO4 Reagent -> 110° C 5 min -> UV 365 nm Reference see Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals, Wichtl, M., 1994
|
Green Tea (leaf) (Camellia sinensis) Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
Reference Sample(s) Reference:Individually dissolve 1 mg of (-)-epigallocatechin and 1 mg of (-)-epicatechin gallate each in 20 mL of methanol; Optional: Individually dissolve 1 mg of (-)-epigallo-catechin-3-O-gallate and 1 mg of (-)-epicatechin each in 20 mL of methanol; Store all solutions at -20°C. Stationary Phase Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254 Mobile Phase Toluene, acetone, formic acid 9:9:2 (v/v/v) Sample Preparation Method Sample: Mix 100 mg of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol, water 4:1 and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions. Derivatization reagent: Fast Blue salt B reagent; Preparation: dissolve 140 mg of Fast Blue salt B in 10 mL of water and add 140 mL of methanol and 50 mL of dichloromethane. Store reagent in the dark at 4°C; Use: preheat the plate to 100°C for 2 min, then dip (time 0, speed 5), dry for 5 min in the fume hood. Detection Method Unsaturated chamber; developing distance 60 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33% Other Notes Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes. System suitability test: (-)-Epigallocatechin: brown zone at Rf ~ 0.46; (-)-Epicatechin gallate: brown zone at Rf ~ 0.52 Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows four brownish-orange zones corresponding to reference substance epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (Rf ~ 0.37), (-)-epigallocatechin (Rf ~ 0.46), (-)-epicatechin gallate (Rf ~ 0.52), and (-)-epicatechin (Rf ~ 0.62). The lowest zone is the most intense and the upper zone is the faintest. The two zones in between are clearly separated (black arrows).
|
Supplementary Information
Sources
- ↑ Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Sep 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/30076>
- ↑ Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Sep 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/30070>
- ↑ Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 13 Sep 2013 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/30074>
- ↑ American Herbal Products Association. March 2013. Organoleptic Analysis of Herbal Ingredients. AHPA: Silver Spring, MD
- ↑ Clayton et al. Compendium of food microscopy (1909).
- ↑ Piovan A, Filippini R, Vecchia FD, Caniato R. Comparative Study of Leaf Morphology, Phenolics and Methylxanthines in Camellia sinensis Teas from the Italian Market. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2014; 2(5): 154-160.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/2445507
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/19242832
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/25801092
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/19242831
- ↑ Köhler, Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen und kurz erläuterndem Texte (1887)
- ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
- ↑ Clayton et al. Compendium of food microscopy (1909).
- ↑ Greenish, H. et. al. (1908) An Anatomical Atlas of Vegetable Powders
- ↑ Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals
- ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
- ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
- ↑ Greenish, H. et. al. (1908) An Anatomical Atlas of Vegetable Powders
- ↑ Indena S.p.A. http://www.indena.com/
- ↑ Indena S.p.A. http://www.indena.com/
- ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
- ↑ HPTLC Association http://www.hptlc-association.org/
- Botanical
- Theaceae
- Macroscopy
- American Herbal Products Association. March 2013. ''Organoleptic Analysis of Herbal Ingredients.'' AHPA: Silver Spring, MD
- Clayton et al. ''Compendium of food microscopy'' (1909).
- Piovan A, Filippini R, Vecchia FD, Caniato R. Comparative Study of Leaf Morphology, Phenolics and Methylxanthines in ''Camellia sinensis'' Teas from the Italian Market. ''Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry'' 2014; 2(5): 154-160.
- Microscopy
- Greenish, H. et. al. (1908) An Anatomical Atlas of Vegetable Powders
- Indena S.p.A.
- HPTLC
- Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
- HPTLC Association