Echinacea angustifolia (root)

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=Introduction=
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Echinacea angustifolia'' (root)}} {{askbox|herb=''Echinacea angustifolia''}}
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''Introduction from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinacea_angustifolia, retrieved 02/27/2012).''
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=Nomenclature=
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{{nomenclature | binomial=Echinacea angustifolia
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|authority=DC.
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|family=Asteraceae
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|scn=''Echinacea angustifolia''
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|syn=
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|ayurvedic=
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|pinyin=
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|aka=narrow-leaf echinacea; Kansas snakeroot; narrow-leaf purple coneflower
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|notes=}}
  
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''Echinacea angustifolia'' (Narrow-leaved purple coneflower, blacksamson echinacea) is a herbaceous plant species in Asteraceae. The plants grow 40 to 70 centimetres (16 to 28 in) tall with spindle-shaped taproots that are often branched. The stems and leaves are moderately to densely hairy.
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=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
  
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''E. angustifolia'' blooms late spring to mid summer. It is found growing in dry prairies and barrens with rocky to sandy-clay soils. There are two subspecies: ''E. a. angustifolia'' is native from Saskatchewan and Manitoba in the north to New Mexico, Texas, and Louisiana in the south, while ''E. a. strigosa'' has a more limited range in Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana.
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{{Media3    | cat=Voucher
  
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''The quoted text in this section was licensed for use under the Creative Commons ShareAlike License, version 3.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/''
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            | companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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=Macroscopic Entries=
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            | companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com
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{{Botanical  | source=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
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            | companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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             | mainimage=Echinacea angustifolia (1) DG3502NSF A1393.jpg
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            | companyURL2= http://www.alkemist.com
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            | mainimage= Echinacea angustifolia (1) DG3502NSF A1393.jpg
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            | source= Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
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            | image2= Echinacea angustifolia (2) DG3502NSF A0102.jpg
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            | source2= Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
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 +
 
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| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
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| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K001065959
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| image3=Echinacea_angustifolia_Kew_imageBarcode=K001065959_669580.jpg
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| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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            | }}
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=Organoleptic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Organolepsy | source=Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs
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            | companyimage=Mrh logo.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://www.mountainroseherbs.com
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            | description=''Echinacea angustifolia'' DC.   
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            | flavor=Sweet initially but quickly becoming bitter followed by a tingling sensation on the tongue.
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            | aroma=Mild, aromatic.}}
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{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| description=
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Odor faint, aromatic; taste sweetish, followed by a tingling sensation suggesting aconite, but lacking the persistent and benumbing effect produced by that drug.}}
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|}
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=Macroscopic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Macroscopy | source=American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930)
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| description=This herb grows to a height of from 2 to 3 feet, sending up a rather stout, bristly haired stem bearing thick hairy leaves from 3 to 8 inches long.  The flowers, which appear from July to October, vary in color from whitish rose to pale purple.  The flower heads are ornamental and consist of ray and disk flowers.  The brown fruiting heads, which develop after the flowers, are conical, stiff, and chaffy. The plant has a thick, blackish root.
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}}
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{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| description=
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The root is described as nearly entire, cylindrical, very slightly tapering and sometimes slightly spirally twisted, from 10 to 20 cm. in length and from 4 to 13 mm. in diameter, externally grayish-brown, light brown or purplish-brown, slightly annulate in the upper portion, with occasional V-shaped stem scars, somewhat longitudinally wrinkled, or furrowed; fracture short, fibrous, bark less than 1 mm. in thickness, wood thick and composed of alternate light yellowish and black wedges; the rhizome with a circular pith. }}
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{{ Media    | cat=Macroscopy
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            | source=Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs
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            | mainimage=Echinacea Angustifolia Root.jpg
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            | companyimage=Mrh logo.jpg
 +
            | companyURL=http://www.mountainroseherbs.com}}
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|}
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=Microscopic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Microscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| description=
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Under the microscope, sections show the presence of intercellular (schizogenous) oil and resin cavities or reservoirs in both the wood and bark, numerous stone cells distinguished by the presence of a blackish, resinous substance in the intercellular spaces between them and some of the adjoining parenchyma, the latter containing masses or aggregates of inulin. The walls of the tracheae or vessels are marked with simple slitlike pores or annular and reticulate thickenings; bast fibers occur in the stem, and in some specimens true libriform or wood fibers are found.}}
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 +
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy|companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
 +
            | companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com
 +
|companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
 +
            | companyURL2= http://www.alkemist.com
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|mainimage= Echinacea_angustifolia_DC._-Asteraceae--1.jpg
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          |caption1= Fibers showing black phtymelanin of ''Echinacea angustifolia'' root viewed under 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
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          |source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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|image2= Echinacea_angustifolia_DC._-Asteraceae--2.jpg
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          |caption2= Oleoresin found in ''Echinacea angustifolia'' root viewed under 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
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          |source2= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories}}
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|}
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=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
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{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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             | description=Narrow-leaf Echinacea (root) (''Echinacea angustifolia'')
 
             | companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
 
             | companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
 
             | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
 
             | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
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             | caption1=''Echinacea angustifolia'' Botanical Voucher Specimen (1/2)- Alkemists Laboratories
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            | mainimage=Echinacea_angustifolia_-_Alkemist_Laboratories.jpg
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             | description=''Echinacea angustifolia'' Botanical Voucher Specimen
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             | caption1=''Echinacea angustifolia'' HPTLC ID - Natural Product Reagent + PEG UV 365 nm
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            | image2=Echinacea angustifolia (2) DG3502NSF A0102.jpg
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            | stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
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            | caption2=''Echinacea angustifolia'' Botanical Voucher Specimen (2/2) - Alkemists Laboratories }}
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            | mobilephase=ethyl acetate: MEK methylethyl ketone: HCOOH: H2O [5/3/1/1]
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            | prep=0.3 g + 3 ml CH3OH sonicate 10 min NO HEAT
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            | detection=Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm
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             | lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
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# 3 μL Echinacoside, Cynarin ~0.1% in Methanol
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# 3 μL ''Echinacea angustifolia''-1 (herb)
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# 3 μL ''Echinacea angustifolia''-2 (herb)
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# 3 μL ''Echinacea angustifolia''-3 (herb)
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# 3 μL ''Echinacea angustifolia''-3 (herb)
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# 3 μL ''Echinacea angustifolia''-4 (herb)
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# 3 μL ''Echinacea angustifolia''-5 (herb)
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# 3 μL Caftaric Acid, Cichoric Acid ~0.1% in Methanol
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Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.
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            | reference=American Herbal Pharmacopoeia & Therapeutic Compendium
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            | }}
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=Supplementary Information=
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==HPTLC method, Schicke, ''et al.'', 2014==
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'''A sensitive TLC method to identify Echinaceae pallidae radix.'''
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<blockquote>'''Abstract.'''
  
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In this work a fast, simple and sensitive qualitative TLC method was developed to identify Echinaceae pallidae radix and to distinguish this drug from similar ones. The TLC method is based on the lipophilic compounds of E. pallida. Three mobile phases provided good separation, e.g. toluene/ethylacetate 7 + 3 (v/v). A marker substance was found which shows a blue fluorescence at an excitation wavelength of 366 nm after detection with a spray agent containing 95 volume parts ethanol 96%, 5 parts trifluoroacetic acid 99% and zinc ions in 0.15 molar concentration. After spraying the chromatogram was heated at 110 degrees C for 7 min. This method is superior to HPLC methods to characterise mixtures of Echinacea extracts in terms of selectivity due to this post-chromatographic derivatisation and subsequent fluorescence detection.<ref>
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    Schicke B., Hagels H., Freudenstein J., Wätzig H. 2004. A sensitive TLC method to identify Echinaceae pallidae radix.  ''Pharmazie.'' 59(8):608-11. http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/nlm?genre=article&issn=0031-7144&volume=59&issue=8&spage=608&aulast=Schicke</ref></blockquote>
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=Sources=
  
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=Microscopic Entries=
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<references />
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{{Request | source=Information Request
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            | description=''Echinacea angustifolia'' (root)
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              }}
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=HPTLC Entries=
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=Other Points of Interest=
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Latest revision as of 20:11, 20 August 2015

AHPA recognizes other valuable resources exist regarding the identity of Echinacea angustifolia.

To submit a suggestion or contribution, please contact Merle Zimmermann.

Contents

Nomenclature

Echinacea angustifolia DC.   Asteraceae  
Standardized common name (English): Echinacea angustifolia

Botanical Voucher Specimen

bottomright bottomright bottomright

Echinacea angustifolia (1) DG3502NSF A1393.jpg
Source: Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories[1]

Echinacea angustifolia (2) DG3502NSF A0102.jpg
Source: Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories[2]

Echinacea angustifolia Kew imageBarcode=K001065959 669580.jpg
Source: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.[3]

Organoleptic Characteristics

Echinacea angustifolia DC.
Scent Mild, aromatic.
Flavor Sweet initially but quickly becoming bitter followed by a tingling sensation on the tongue.

Source: Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs [4]
Mrh logo.jpg
Odor faint, aromatic; taste sweetish, followed by a tingling sensation suggesting aconite, but lacking the persistent and benumbing effect produced by that drug.

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [5]

Macroscopic Characteristics

This herb grows to a height of from 2 to 3 feet, sending up a rather stout, bristly haired stem bearing thick hairy leaves from 3 to 8 inches long. The flowers, which appear from July to October, vary in color from whitish rose to pale purple. The flower heads are ornamental and consist of ray and disk flowers. The brown fruiting heads, which develop after the flowers, are conical, stiff, and chaffy. The plant has a thick, blackish root.

Source: American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930) [6]
The root is described as nearly entire, cylindrical, very slightly tapering and sometimes slightly spirally twisted, from 10 to 20 cm. in length and from 4 to 13 mm. in diameter, externally grayish-brown, light brown or purplish-brown, slightly annulate in the upper portion, with occasional V-shaped stem scars, somewhat longitudinally wrinkled, or furrowed; fracture short, fibrous, bark less than 1 mm. in thickness, wood thick and composed of alternate light yellowish and black wedges; the rhizome with a circular pith.

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [7]
bottomright

Echinacea Angustifolia Root.jpg
Source: Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs[8]

Microscopic Characteristics

Under the microscope, sections show the presence of intercellular (schizogenous) oil and resin cavities or reservoirs in both the wood and bark, numerous stone cells distinguished by the presence of a blackish, resinous substance in the intercellular spaces between them and some of the adjoining parenchyma, the latter containing masses or aggregates of inulin. The walls of the tracheae or vessels are marked with simple slitlike pores or annular and reticulate thickenings; bast fibers occur in the stem, and in some specimens true libriform or wood fibers are found.

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [9]


bottomright bottomright

Echinacea angustifolia DC. -Asteraceae--1.jpg
Fibers showing black phtymelanin of Echinacea angustifolia root viewed under 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[10]

Echinacea angustifolia DC. -Asteraceae--2.jpg
Oleoresin found in Echinacea angustifolia root viewed under 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[11]

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification

AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
(thumbnail)
Echinacea angustifolia HPTLC ID - Natural Product Reagent + PEG UV 365 nm

Narrow-leaf Echinacea (root) (Echinacea angustifolia)

Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):

  1. 3 μL Echinacoside, Cynarin ~0.1% in Methanol
  2. 3 μL Echinacea angustifolia-1 (herb)
  3. 3 μL Echinacea angustifolia-2 (herb)
  4. 3 μL Echinacea angustifolia-3 (herb)
  5. 3 μL Echinacea angustifolia-3 (herb)
  6. 3 μL Echinacea angustifolia-4 (herb)
  7. 3 μL Echinacea angustifolia-5 (herb)
  8. 3 μL Caftaric Acid, Cichoric Acid ~0.1% in Methanol

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA. 

Stationary Phase Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates 

Mobile Phase ethyl acetate: MEK methylethyl ketone: HCOOH: H2O [5/3/1/1] 

Sample Preparation Method 0.3 g + 3 ml CH3OH sonicate 10 min NO HEAT 

Detection Method Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm 

Reference see American Herbal Pharmacopoeia & Therapeutic Compendium


Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories [12]

Supplementary Information

HPTLC method, Schicke, et al., 2014

A sensitive TLC method to identify Echinaceae pallidae radix.

Abstract. In this work a fast, simple and sensitive qualitative TLC method was developed to identify Echinaceae pallidae radix and to distinguish this drug from similar ones. The TLC method is based on the lipophilic compounds of E. pallida. Three mobile phases provided good separation, e.g. toluene/ethylacetate 7 + 3 (v/v). A marker substance was found which shows a blue fluorescence at an excitation wavelength of 366 nm after detection with a spray agent containing 95 volume parts ethanol 96%, 5 parts trifluoroacetic acid 99% and zinc ions in 0.15 molar concentration. After spraying the chromatogram was heated at 110 degrees C for 7 min. This method is superior to HPLC methods to characterise mixtures of Echinacea extracts in terms of selectivity due to this post-chromatographic derivatisation and subsequent fluorescence detection.[13]

Sources

  1. ↑ Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  2. ↑ Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  3. ↑ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K001065959
  4. ↑ Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs http://www.mountainroseherbs.com
  5. ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
  6. ↑ American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930)
  7. ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
  8. ↑ Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs http://www.mountainroseherbs.com
  9. ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
  10. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  11. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  12. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  13. ↑ Schicke B., Hagels H., Freudenstein J., Wätzig H. 2004. A sensitive TLC method to identify Echinaceae pallidae radix. Pharmazie. 59(8):608-11. http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/nlm?genre=article&issn=0031-7144&volume=59&issue=8&spage=608&aulast=Schicke
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