Elettaria cardamomum (fruit)
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− | {{ | + | {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Elettaria cardamomum'' (fruit) }} {{askbox|herb=''Elettaria cardamomum''}} |
− | + | =Nomenclature= | |
+ | |||
+ | {{nomenclature | binomial=Elettaria cardamomum | ||
+ | |authority=(L.) Maton var. cardamomum | ||
+ | |family=Zingiberaceae | ||
+ | |scn=cardamom | ||
+ | |syn=''Amomum cardamomum'' L.; ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. var. miniscula Burkill; ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. var. minus Watt | ||
+ | |ayurvedic=ela | ||
+ | |pinyin= | ||
+ | |aka=Mysore cardamom | ||
+ | |notes= }} | ||
+ | |||
+ | =Botanical Voucher Specimen= | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{Media | cat=Voucher | ||
+ | | companyimage=Kewlogo.gif | ||
+ | | companyURL=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000815813 | ||
+ | | mainimage=Elettaria_cardamomum_Kew_imageBarcode=K000815813_428481.jpg | ||
+ | | source=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | =Organoleptic Characteristics= | ||
+ | {| border=1 | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | {{Organolepsy | source=Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs | ||
+ | | companyimage=Mrh logo.jpg | ||
+ | | companyURL=http://www.mountainroseherbs.com | ||
+ | | description=Cardamom (fruit) (''Elettaria cardamomum'') | ||
| flavor=Aromatic, pungent. | | flavor=Aromatic, pungent. | ||
− | | | + | | aroma=Aromatic when crushed.}} |
− | + | ||
− | {{ | + | {{Organolepsy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed. |
− | | description=Cardamom (fruit) (''Elettaria cardamomum'' | + | | description=Cardamom (fruit) (''Elettaria cardamomum'' W. et. M., Scitaminaceae) |
| color=Light brown. | | color=Light brown. | ||
| flavor=Pungent, cooling sensation. | | flavor=Pungent, cooling sensation. | ||
− | | scent=Aromatic, spicy, somewhat camphoraceous. | + | | scent=Aromatic, spicy, somewhat camphoraceous. }} |
+ | |||
+ | {{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918) | ||
+ | | description=''Elettaria cardamomum'' ... odor aromatic; taste aromatic, pungent. [...] | ||
+ | Aromatic odor; taste agreeably warm and aromatic.}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | =Macroscopic Characteristics= | ||
+ | {| border=1 | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | {{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918) | ||
+ | | description=''Elettaria cardamomum'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | The cardamom plant has a tuberous horizontal rhizome, sending up from eight to twenty erect, simple, smooth, green and shining, perennial stems, which rise from six to twelve feet in height, and bear alternate elliptical-lanceolate sheathing leaves. The flower-stalk proceeds from the base of the stem, and lies upon the ground, with the flowers arranged in a panicle. The fruit is a three-celled capsule, containing many seeds; during drying it is said to lose three-fourths of its weight. | ||
+ | |||
+ | "Mostly agglutinated in groups of from 2 to 7, the individual seeds, oblong-ovoid in outline, 3- or irregularly 4-sided, convex on the dorsal surface, strongly longitudinally grooved on one side, from 3 to 4 mm. in length; externally reddish-gray-brown, coarsely tuberculated, and with more or less adhering portions of the membranous aril; in section showing a thin reddish-brown seed-coat, a large white perisperm and a central, greenish endosperm enclosing a small straight embryo. [...] | ||
+ | |||
+ | "Fruits from one to two centimetres long, ovoid or oblong, bluntly triangular in section, shortly beaked at the apex, pale buff in color, plump and nearly smooth or with slight longitudinal striations. Seeds dark reddish-brown, about three millimetres in length and the same in | ||
+ | breadth and thickness, irregularly angular, transversely wrinkled, and enclosed in a thin, colorless, membranous aril." | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | {{Media |cat=Macroscopy | source=Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs | ||
+ | | companyimage=Mrh logo.jpg | ||
+ | | companyURL=http://www.MountainRoseHerbs.com | ||
+ | | description=Cardamom (fruit) (''Elettaria cardamomum'') | ||
+ | | mainimage=Elettaria_cardamomum_Fruits_2.JPG | ||
+ | | caption1=Cardamom Whole Fruit | ||
+ | | characteristics=Fruit a capsule, light to medium green, elliptical, triangular, striated. Seeds oblong-ovoid, irregularly angular, rugose, brown to dark brown adhering to a colorless membranous aril. | }} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | =Microscopic Characteristics= | ||
+ | {| border=1 | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | {{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918) | ||
+ | | description=[''Elettaria cardamomum''] powder is greenish-brown; consisting chiefly of coarse angular fragments of cells of the reserve layers and seed-coat; cells of endosperm and perisperm filled with compound starch grains, the individual grains from 0.001 to 0.004 mm. in diameter; fragments of seed with dark brown stone cells, which are polygonal in surface view and about 0.02 mm. in diameter; in mounts made with hydrated chloral T.S. single prisms or crystals in rosette aggregates may separate in the cells of the endosperm and perisperm; fragments of spiral tracheae with accompanying slightly lignified bast-fibers relatively few. [...] The powdered seeds exhibit abundant, minute, angular starch grains, often compacted into masses; but no spiral vessels, sclerenchymatous fibres, or strongly elongated selerenehymatous cells (absence of pericarps).}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed. | ||
+ | | description=Cardamom (fruit) (''Elettaria cardamomum'' W. et. M., Scitaminaceae) | ||
| characteristics=Epidermal cells of pericarp of polygonal cells; parenchyma cells of pericarp thin walled containing prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; endosperm cells containing oil, minute starch granules and proteid granules. | | characteristics=Epidermal cells of pericarp of polygonal cells; parenchyma cells of pericarp thin walled containing prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; endosperm cells containing oil, minute starch granules and proteid granules. | ||
Ceylon cardamom is distinguished from the Malabar cardamom by the presence in the former of thick walled, conical, simple trichromes. | Ceylon cardamom is distinguished from the Malabar cardamom by the presence in the former of thick walled, conical, simple trichromes. | ||
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| }} | | }} | ||
− | {{Microscopy | source=Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals | + | {{Media3 |cat=Microscopy | source=Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals |
− | | description=Cardamom(seed) (''Elettaria cardamomum'') | + | | companyimage=TMLogoK832X75.jpg |
+ | | companyURL=http://www.traditionalmedicinals.com | ||
+ | | description=Cardamom (seed) (''Elettaria cardamomum'') | ||
| mainimage=Cardamom_seed_coat,_200X.jpg | | mainimage=Cardamom_seed_coat,_200X.jpg | ||
| caption1=Cardamom seed coat, 200x in glycerin:dionized water | | caption1=Cardamom seed coat, 200x in glycerin:dionized water | ||
+ | | source2=Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals | ||
+ | | companyimage2=TMLogoK832X75.jpg | ||
+ | | companyURL2=http://www.traditionalmedicinals.com | ||
| image2=Cardamom_seed_coat_II,_200x.jpg | | image2=Cardamom_seed_coat_II,_200x.jpg | ||
| caption2=Cardamom seed coat II, 200x in glycerin:dionized water | | caption2=Cardamom seed coat II, 200x in glycerin:dionized water | ||
+ | | source3=Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals | ||
+ | | companyimage3=TMLogoK832X75.jpg | ||
+ | | companyURL3=http://www.traditionalmedicinals.com | ||
| image3=Cardamom_ca_oxalate_in_perisperm,_200x.jpg | | image3=Cardamom_ca_oxalate_in_perisperm,_200x.jpg | ||
| caption3=Cardamom ca oxalate in perisperm, 200x in glycerin:dionized water | | caption3=Cardamom ca oxalate in perisperm, 200x in glycerin:dionized water | ||
| characteristics=Epidermal cells of pericarp, thin-walled; prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate. | | characteristics=Epidermal cells of pericarp, thin-walled; prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate. | ||
| }} | | }} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | =High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification= | ||
+ | {{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories | ||
+ | | description=Cardamom (seed) (''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton) | ||
+ | | companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg | ||
+ | | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com | ||
+ | | mainimage=Elettaria_cardamomum_-_Alkemists_Laboratories.jpg | ||
+ | | caption1=''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton (seeds) HPTLC UV 365 nm | ||
+ | | stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates | ||
+ | | mobilephase=toluene: ethyl acetate [9.5/0.5] | ||
+ | | prep=0.5g+5ml dichloromethane, sonicate/centrifuge/decant, evaporate to dryness with N2, qs with 1.0 ml Toluene | ||
+ | | detection=Vanillin/H2SO4 Reagent -> 110° C 5 min -> UV 365 nm | ||
+ | | lanes=Lane 1 (1 μl) Linalool ~0.1% in methanol; Lane 2 (2 μl) ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton-1 (seed)(Guatemala); Lane 3 (2 μl) ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton-2 (seed)(Guatemala); Lane 4 (2 μl) ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton-3 (seed), Lane 5 (2 μl) ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton-3 (seed); Lane 6 (2 μl) ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton-4 (seed), Lane 7 (1 μl) ''Elettaria cardamomum'' L. Maton-4 (seed; Lane 8 (3 μl) Eugenol~0.1% in methanol, these references have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference sources cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA. | ||
+ | | reference=Medicinal Spices, Teuscher, E., 2006, CRC Press or The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Part I Volume I | ||
+ | | }} | ||
+ | |||
+ | =Supplementary Information= | ||
+ | =Sources= | ||
+ | <references /> |
Latest revision as of 14:23, 12 October 2018
Contents |
Nomenclature
Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton var. cardamomum Zingiberaceae
Syn. Amomum cardamomum L.; Elettaria cardamomum L. var. miniscula Burkill; Elettaria cardamomum L. var. minus Watt
Standardized common name (English): cardamom
Ayurvedic name(s): ela
Botanical Voucher Specimen
|
Organoleptic Characteristics
|
Macroscopic Characteristics
|
Microscopic Characteristics
|
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification
Cardamom (seed) (Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton) Lane Assignments Lane 1 (1 μl) Linalool ~0.1% in methanol; Lane 2 (2 μl) Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton-1 (seed)(Guatemala); Lane 3 (2 μl) Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton-2 (seed)(Guatemala); Lane 4 (2 μl) Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton-3 (seed), Lane 5 (2 μl) Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton-3 (seed); Lane 6 (2 μl) Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton-4 (seed), Lane 7 (1 μl) Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton-4 (seed; Lane 8 (3 μl) Eugenol~0.1% in methanol, these references have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference sources cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA. Stationary Phase Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates Mobile Phase toluene: ethyl acetate [9.5/0.5] Sample Preparation Method 0.5g+5ml dichloromethane, sonicate/centrifuge/decant, evaporate to dryness with N2, qs with 1.0 ml Toluene Detection Method Vanillin/H2SO4 Reagent -> 110° C 5 min -> UV 365 nm Reference see Medicinal Spices, Teuscher, E., 2006, CRC Press or The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Part I Volume I
|
Supplementary Information
Sources
- ↑ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000815813
- ↑ Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs http://www.mountainroseherbs.com
- ↑ Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
- ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
- ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
- ↑ Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs http://www.MountainRoseHerbs.com
- ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
- ↑ Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
- ↑ Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals http://www.traditionalmedicinals.com
- ↑ Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals http://www.traditionalmedicinals.com
- ↑ Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals http://www.traditionalmedicinals.com
- ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
- Botanical
- Zingiberaceae
- Media
- Voucher
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Organolepsy
- Steven Yeager, Mountain Rose Herbs
- Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
- United States Dispensatory (1918)
- Macroscopy
- Microscopy
- Amy Brush, Traditional Medicinals
- HPTLC
- Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories