Foeniculum vulgare (fruit)
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=Botanical Voucher Specimen= | =Botanical Voucher Specimen= | ||
=Organoleptic Characteristics= | =Organoleptic Characteristics= | ||
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+ | {{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918) | ||
+ | | description=[''Foeniculum vulgare'' has an] aromatic odor; taste strong, sweet | ||
+ | and camphoraceous. | ||
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+ | The odor of fennel seed is fragrant, its taste warm. sweet, and agreeably | ||
+ | aromatic.}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
=Macroscopic Characteristics= | =Macroscopic Characteristics= | ||
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{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918) | {{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918) | ||
− | | description=Fennel Fruit is the ripe fruit of | + | | description=Fennel Fruit is the ripe fruit of ''Foeniculum vulgare'', Mill., collected from cultivated plants, and dried. |
− | ''Foeniculum vulgare'', Mill., collected from cultivated plants, and dried. | + | |
''Foeniculum vulgare'' is a stout, glabrous biennial or perennial, aromatic | ''Foeniculum vulgare'' is a stout, glabrous biennial or perennial, aromatic | ||
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Seeds are described as small, oblong, straight or slightly curved, | Seeds are described as small, oblong, straight or slightly curved, | ||
− | from three to ten millimetres | + | from three to ten millimetres long, and from two to four millimetres in diameter. Greenish or |
− | long, and from two to four millimetres in diameter. Greenish or | + | |
greenish-brown. Each of the two mericarps with five prominent | greenish-brown. Each of the two mericarps with five prominent | ||
− | principal ridges and six large vittae | + | principal ridges and six large vittae. |
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=Microscopic Characteristics= | =Microscopic Characteristics= | ||
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{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918) | {{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918) | ||
− | | description=Under the microscope, transverse sections of | + | | description=Under the microscope, transverse sections of Fennel show a pentagonal mericarp, four of the edges being nearly equal and slightly concave, the other or commissural surface being much longer and more or less undulate; cells of the seed-coat closely united with those of the pericarp, giving the section two very distinct areas, the inner and larger portion (endosperm) more or less rounded pentagonal and somewhat reniform, composed of polygonal cells, filled with aleurone grains containing rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate and a thin protoplasmic layer enclosing a fixed oil; the outer or pericarp layer distinguished by large elliptical vittae with thick, brown walls, occurring singly and alternating with the primary ribs, and two vittae on the dorsal surface, making usually six vittae in all, there sometimes being, however, one or two vittae additional; in the central portion of each of the ribs occurs a nearly circular, fibro-vascular bundle with a few tracheae and numerous thin-walled, strongly lignified sclerenchymatous fibers. |
− | Fennel show a pentagonal mericarp, four of the edges being nearly | + | |
− | equal and slightly concave, the other or commissural surface being | + | |
− | much longer and more or less undulate; cells of the seed-coat closely | + | |
− | united with those of the pericarp, giving the section two very distinct | + | |
− | areas, the inner and larger portion (endosperm) more or less rounded pentagonal | + | |
− | and somewhat reniform, composed of polygonal cells, filled | + | |
− | with aleurone grains containing rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate | + | |
− | and a thin protoplasmic layer enclosing a fixed oil; the outer or pericarp | + | |
− | layer distinguished by large elliptical vittae with thick, brown walls, | + | |
− | occurring singly and alternating with the primary ribs, and two vittae | + | |
− | on the dorsal surface, making usually six vittae in all, there sometimes | + | |
− | being, however, one or two vittae additional; in the central portion of | + | |
− | each of the ribs occurs a nearly circular, fibro-vascular bundle with a | + | |
− | few tracheae and numerous thin-walled, strongly lignified sclerenchymatous | + | |
− | fibers. | + | |
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+ | The powder is yellowish-brown consisting of irregular angular fragments; tissues of endosperm, colorless, the cells filled with aleurone grains, each containing a rosette aggregate of calcium oxalate, about 0.002 mm. in diameter; fragments containing yellowish-brown vittae, from 0.1 to 0.2 mm. in width; sclerenchymatous fibers few, strongly lignified and with numerous, oblique, simple pores; parenchyma cells with more or less thick walls and simple pores and occasionally reticulately thickened; tracheae few and either spiral or annular; in mounts made with hydrated chloral T.S., numerous globules of a fixed oil separate. | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | |} | ||
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification= | =High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification= | ||
{{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association | {{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association |
Revision as of 14:01, 18 March 2014
Contents |
Nomenclature
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae
Syn. mishreya; shatapushpa
Standardized common name (English): fennel
Pinyin name(s): hui xiang; xiao hui xiang (fruit)
Botanical Voucher Specimen
Organoleptic Characteristics
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Macroscopic Characteristics
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Microscopic Characteristics
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High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification
Sweet Fennel (fruit) (Foeniculum vulgare ssp. vulgare var. dulce) Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
Reference Sample(s) Reference: Dissolve 3 mg of rutin in 1 mL of methanol. Dissolve 1 mg of caffeic acid in 1 mL of methanol. Stationary Phase Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254 Mobile Phase Ethyl acetate, formic acid, water 15:1:1 (v/v/v) Sample Preparation Method Sample: Mix 500 mg of powdered sample with 5 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions. Derivatization reagent: NP and PEG reagent, Preparation NP reagent: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 ml ethyl acetate, Preparation PEG reagent: 10 g of polyethylene glycol 400 in 200 mL dichloromethane, Use: Heat the plate at 100°C for 5 min, dip (time 0, speed 5) while still hot, dry in air. Detection Method Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33% Other Notes Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes. System suitability test: Rutin: orange fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.07; Caffeic acid: light bluish fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.77. Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a yellow zone at Rf ~ 0.17, a light blue zone at Rf ~ 0.20, a faint yellow zone at Rf ~ 0.26 and a faint blue zone at Rf ~ 0.32. A light blue zone is seen in the center part of the chromatogram at Rf ~ 0.53 (yellow arrow). Test for other species: No intense dark blue zone is seen at Rf ~ 0.78 (white arrow, Bitter Fennel fruit). No light blue zone is seen at Rf ~ 0.62 (red arrow, Anise fruit or Caraway fruit). No brownish zones are seen at Rf ~ 0.32 and 0.38 (green arrows, Caraway fruit).
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Supplementary Information
Sources
- ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
- ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
- ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
- ↑ HPTLC Association http://www.hptlc-association.org/