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| | {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Foeniculum vulgare'' (seed) }} | | {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Foeniculum vulgare'' (seed) }} |
| − | =Nomenclature=
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| − | {{nomenclature | binomial=Foeniculum vulgare
| + | See [[Foeniculum_vulgare_(fruit)|''Foeniculum vulgare'' (fruit)]]. |
| − | |authority=Mill.
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| − | |family=Apiaceae
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| − | |scn=fennel
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| − | |syn=mishreya; shatapushpa
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| − | |ayurvedic=
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| − | |pinyin=hui xiang; xiao hui xiang (fruit)
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| − | |aka=
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| − | |notes= }}
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| − | =Botanical Voucher Specimen=
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| − | =Organoleptic Characteristics=
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| − | =Macroscopic Characteristics=
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| − | {{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| − | | description=Fennel Fruit is the ripe fruit of
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| − | ''Foeniculum vulgare'', Mill., collected from cultivated plants, and dried.
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| − | ''Foeniculum vulgare'' is a stout, glabrous biennial or perennial, aromatic
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| − | herb, with leaves dissected into numerous filiform segments. The flowers
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| − | are in large, flat, terminal umbels, with from thirteen to twenty rays,
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| − | and destitute both of general and partial involucres. The corolla consists
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| − | of five petals, which, as well as the stamens, are golden yellow. The fruit
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| − | is ovate, and of a dark color, especially in the grooves.
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| − | Mericarps usually separate, each
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| − | being broadly elliptical, more or less curved, from 4 to 10 mm. in length
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| − | and from 1 to 3.5 mm. in breadth, some having a slender stalk from 2 to
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| − | 10 mm. in length; dorsal surface convex, yellowish-green to grayish brown,
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| − | with three prominent, longitudinal primary ribs and at the
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| − | summit a short, conical stylopodium; commissural surface with three
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| − | narrow, light brown, longitudinal areas separated by two dark brown or
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| − | brownish-black areas containing the vittae or oil-tubes; odor and taste
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| − | aromatic and characteristic.
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| − | | + | |
| − | Sweet Fennel bears a general resemblance to ''F.
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| − | vulgare'', but differs in having its stem somewhat compressed at the
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| − | base, its radical leaves somewhat distichous, and the number of rays in
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| − | the umbel only from 6 to 8. It is also a much smaller plant, being only
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| − | about a foot high; its flowers appear earlier, and its young sweet shoots
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| − | or turiones are eaten in Italy boiled or as a salad.
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| − | Seeds are described as small, oblong, straight or slightly curved,
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| − | from three to ten millimetres
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| − | long, and from two to four millimetres in diameter. Greenish or
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| − | greenish-brown. Each of the two mericarps with five prominent
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| − | principal ridges and six large vittae. Aromatic odor; taste strong, sweet
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| − | and camphoraceous.
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| − | The odor of fennel seed is fragrant, its taste warm. sweet, and agreeably
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| − | aromatic.
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| − | }}
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| − | =Microscopic Characteristics=
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| − | {{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| − | | description=Under the microscope, transverse sections of
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| − | Fennel show a pentagonal mericarp, four of the edges being nearly
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| − | equal and slightly concave, the other or commissural surface being
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| − | much longer and more or less undulate; cells of the seed-coat closely
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| − | united with those of the pericarp, giving the section two very distinct
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| − | areas, the inner and larger portion (endosperm) more or less rounded pentagonal
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| − | and somewhat reniform, composed of polygonal cells, filled
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| − | with aleurone grains containing rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate
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| − | and a thin protoplasmic layer enclosing a fixed oil; the outer or pericarp
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| − | layer distinguished by large elliptical vittae with thick, brown walls,
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| − | occurring singly and alternating with the primary ribs, and two vittae
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| − | on the dorsal surface, making usually six vittae in all, there sometimes
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| − | being, however, one or two vittae additional; in the central portion of
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| − | each of the ribs occurs a nearly circular, fibro-vascular bundle with a
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| − | few tracheae and numerous thin-walled, strongly lignified sclerenchymatous
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| − | fibers. The powder is yellowish-brown consisting of irregular
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| − | angular fragments; tissues of endosperm, colorless, the cells filled with
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| − | aleurone grains, each containing a rosette aggregate of calcium oxalate,
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| − | about 0.002 mm. in diameter; fragments containing yellowish-brown
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| − | vittae, from 0.1 to 0.2 mm. in width; sclerenchymatous fibers few,
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| − | strongly lignified and with numerous, oblique, simple pores;
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| − | parenchyma cells with more or less thick walls and simple pores and
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| − | occasionally reticulately thickened; tracheae few and either spiral or
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| − | annular; in mounts made with hydrated chloral T.S., numerous globules
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| − | of a fixed oil separate.
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| − | }}
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| − | {{Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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| − | | companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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| − | | companyURL=http://www.Alkemist.com
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| − | | mainimage=Fennel.jpg
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| − | | caption1=Yellow fragments of a wide secretory canal of ''Foeniculum vulgare'' seed observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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| − | | description= Fennel (seed) (''Foeniculum vulgare'')
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| − | | image2=Fennel-1.jpg
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| − | | caption2=Cells of the mericarp from ''Foeniculum vulgare'' seed observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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| − | | characteristics=cellular structures identified in this botanical specimen are the yellow fragments of a wide secretory canal and the cells of the mericarp from ;;Foeniculum vulgare;; seed observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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| − | | reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2003.
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| − | | }}
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| − | =High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
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| − | {{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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| − | | description=Fennel (seed) (''Foeniculum vulgare'')
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| − | | companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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| − | | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
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| − | | mainimage=Foeniculum vulgare - Alkemists Laboratories.jpg
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| − | | caption1=''Foeniculum vulgare'' HPTLC ID - Vanillin/H2SO4 Reagent UV 365 nm
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| − | | stationaryphase=Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates
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| − | | mobilephase=toluene: ethyl acetate [9.5/0.5]
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| − | | prep=0.5g+5ml dichloromethane, sonicate/centrifuge/decant, evaporate to dryness with N2, qs 1.0 ml Toluene
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| − | | detection=Vanillin/H2SO4 Reagent -> 110° C 5 min -> UV 365 nm
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| − | | lanes= Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
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| − | # 1 μL Eugenol ~0.1% in CH3OH
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| − | # 3 μL ''Foeniculum vulgare''-1 (seed)
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| − | # 3 μL ''Foeniculum vulgare''-2 (seed)
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| − | # 3 μL ''Foeniculum vulgare''-3 (seed)
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| − | # 3 μL ''Foeniculum vulgare''-3 (seed)
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| − | # 3 μL ''Foeniculum vulgare''-4 (seed)
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| − | # 3 μL ''Foeniculum vulgare''-5 (seed)
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| − | # 3 μL ''Foeniculum vulgare''-6 (seed)
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| − | Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA.
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| − | | reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2003
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| − | | }}
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| − | {{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
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| − | | companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
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| − | | companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
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| − | | mainimage=Pimpinella anisum-hptlc-association.png
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| − | | caption1=Anise fruit (seed) HPTLC ID - NP and PEG reagent, UV 366 nm (Image electronically enhanced)
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| − | | description=Anise fruit (seed) (''Pimpinella anisum'')
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| − | | stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
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| − | | mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, formic acid, water 15:1:1 (v/v/v)
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| − | | prep=Sample: Mix 500 mg of powdered sample with 5 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.
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| − | Derivatization reagent: NP and PEG reagent; Preparation NP reagent: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 mL ethyl acetate; Preparation PEG reagent: 10 g of polyethyleneglycole 400 in 200 mL dichloromethane; Use: Heat for 3 min to 100°C, dip (time 0, speed 5) in NP reagent while still hot, dry, dip in PEG reagent.
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| − | | detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
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| − | | referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 3 mg of rutin in 1 mL of methanol. Dissolve 1 mg of caffeic acid in 1 mL of methanol.
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| − | | lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
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| − | # 1 µL Anise fruit 1
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| − | # '''3 µL Anise fruit 1'''
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| − | # 6 µL Anise fruit 1
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| − | # 3 µL Anise fruit 2
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| − | # 1 µL Caraway fruit 1
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| − | # 3 µL Caraway fruit 1
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| − | # 6 µL Caraway fruit 1
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| − | # 3 µL Caraway fruit 2
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| − | # 3 / 1µL Rutin, Caffeic acid (with incr. Rf)
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| − | # 3 µL Bitter Fennel fruit 1
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| − | # 3 µL Bitter Fennel fruit 2
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| − | # 3 µL Sweet Fennel fruit 1
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| − | # 3 µL Sweet Fennel fruit 2
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| − | # 3 µL Wild Fennel fruit
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| − | # 3 µL Fennel tea
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| − | | notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''
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| − | System suitability test: Rutin: orange fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.07; Caffeic acid: light bluish fluorescent zone at Rf ~ 0.77.
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| − | Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. In the upper part of the chromatogram there are three prominent zones: a light blue zone at Rf ~ 0.88, a yellow zone at Rf ~ 0.76 and a light blue zone at Rf ~ 0.61. In the lower part of the chromatogram there is a sequence of three zones (yellow, light blue, yellowish) between Rf ~ 0.15 and 0.26. Right above the application position there is a yellow zone.
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| − | Test for adulteration: In the middle of the chromatogram there are neither yellow zones at Rf ~ 0.32 and Rf ~ 0.38 (red arrows, Caraway fruit) nor a faint dark blue zone at Rf ~ 0.32 (blue arrow, Bitter Fennel fruit) nor a light blue zone at Rf ~ 0.53 (yellow arrow, Sweet Fennel fruit).
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| − | | }}
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| − | {{HPTLC | source=HPTLC Association
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| − | | companyimage=HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
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| − | | companyURL=http://www.hptlc-association.org/
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| − | | mainimage=Foeniculum vulgare-hptclc-association.png
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| − | | caption1=Bitter Fennel (fruit) HPTLC ID - NP and PEG reagent, UV 366 nm (image electronically enhanced)
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| − | | description=Bitter Fennel (fruit) (''Foeniculum vulgare'' ssp. ''vulgare'' var. ''vulgare'')
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| − | |
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| − | | stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
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| − | | mobilephase=Ethyl acetate, formic acid, water 15:1:1 (v/v/v)
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| − | | prep=Sample: Mix 500 mg of powdered sample with 5 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.
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| − | Derivatization reagent: NP and PEG reagent; Preparation NP reagent: 1 g of natural products reagent in 200 mL ethyl acetate; Preparation PEG reagent: 10 g of polyethylene glycol 400 in 200 mL dichloromethane; Use: Heat the plate at 100°C for 5 min, dip (time 0, speed 5) in NP reagent while still hot, dry in air, dip in PEG reagent.
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| − | | detection=Saturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33%
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| − | | referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 3 mg of rutin in 1 mL of methanol. Dissolve 1 mg of caffeic acid in 1 mL of methanol.
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| − | | lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
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| − | # 1 µL Bitter Fennel fruit 1
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| − | # '''3 µL Bitter Fennel fruit 1'''
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| − | # 6 µL Bitter Fennel fruit 1
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| − | # '''3 µL Bitter Fennel fruit 2'''
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| − | # 1 µL Sweet Fennel fruit 1
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| − | # 3 µL Sweet Fennel fruit 1
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| − | # 6 µL Sweet Fennel fruit 1
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| − | # 3 µL Sweet Fennel fruit 2
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| − | # 3 / 1µL Rutin, caffeic acid (with incr. Rf)
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| − | # 3 µL Wild Fennel fruit
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| − | # 4 µL Fennel tea
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| − | # 3 µL Anise fruit 1
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| − | # 3 µL Anise fruit 2
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| − | # 3 µL Caraway fruit 1
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| − | # 3 µL Caraway fruit 2
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| − | | notes=''Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.''
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| − | System suitability test: Rutin: orange zone at Rf ~ 0.07; Caffeic acid: light bluish zone at Rf ~ 0.77.
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| − | Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. The chromatogram of the test solution shows a dark blue zone at Rf ~ 0.78 slightly above the position of reference caffeic acid and a dark blue zone at Rf ~ 0.31 (white arrows).
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| − | Test for other species: No yellow zone is seen at Rf ~ 0.17 (red arrows, Anise fruit, Sweet Fennel fruit). A light blue zone is neither seen at Rf ~ 0.53 (yellow arrow, Sweet Fennel fruit) nor at Rf ~ 0.62 (yellow arrow, Anise fruit, Caraway fruit). No brownish zones are seen at Rf ~ 0.32 and 0.38 (green arrows, Caraway fruit).
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| − | | }}
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| − | =Supplementary Information=
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| − | =Sources=
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| − | <references />
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