Frangula purshiana (bark)
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− | {{DISPLAYTITLE: ''Frangula purshiana'' (bark) }} | + | {{DISPLAYTITLE: ''Frangula purshiana'' (bark) }} {{askbox|herb=''Frangula purshiana''}} |
=Nomenclature= | =Nomenclature= | ||
{{nomenclature | binomial=Frangula purshiana | {{nomenclature | binomial=Frangula purshiana | ||
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|scn=cascara sagrada | |scn=cascara sagrada | ||
|syn= | |syn= | ||
+ | |ayurvedic= | ||
+ | |pinyin= | ||
|aka=bearberry; cascara; chittem bark; sacred bark | |aka=bearberry; cascara; chittem bark; sacred bark | ||
|notes=}} | |notes=}} | ||
+ | |||
=Botanical Voucher Specimen= | =Botanical Voucher Specimen= | ||
=Organoleptic Characteristics= | =Organoleptic Characteristics= | ||
− | + | {| border=1 | |
− | =Macroscopic | + | | |
+ | {{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918) | ||
+ | | description=[''Rhamnus purshiana'' ...] odor distinct; taste disagreeable, bitter, and slightly acrid. Odor characteristic but not powerful; taste nauseous, bitter and persistent.}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | =Macroscopic Characteristics= | ||
+ | {| border=1 | ||
+ | | | ||
{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918) | {{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918) | ||
− | | description=''Rhamnus | + | | description=''Rhamnus purshiana'' is a small tree, attaining a height of twenty feet. Its leaves are rather thin, elliptic, for the most part briefly acutely pointed, finely serrated, at the base obtuse, somewhat pubescent beneath, from two to seven inches long and from one to three wide. The rather large flowers are in somewhat umbellate cymes; the sepals five; the minute cucullate petals bifid at the apex. The fruit is black, broadly obovoid, four lines long, three-lobed, and three-seeded. The seeds are convex on the back, with a lateral raphe. |
− | feet. Its leaves are rather thin, elliptic, for the most part briefly acutely | + | |
− | pointed, finely serrated, at the base obtuse, somewhat pubescent | + | |
− | beneath, from two to seven inches long and from one to three wide. The | + | |
− | rather large flowers are in somewhat umbellate cymes; the sepals five; | + | |
− | the minute cucullate petals bifid at the apex. The fruit is black, broadly | + | |
− | obovoid, four lines long, three-lobed, and three-seeded. The seeds are | + | |
− | convex on the back, with a lateral raphe. | + | |
Usually in flattened or transversely curved pieces, | Usually in flattened or transversely curved pieces, | ||
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converging groups, the outer bark showing yellowish groups of stone | converging groups, the outer bark showing yellowish groups of stone | ||
cells which are especially apparent on moistening the freshly cut surface | cells which are especially apparent on moistening the freshly cut surface | ||
− | with phloroglucinol T.S. and hydrochloric acid | + | with phloroglucinol T.S. and hydrochloric acid. [...] |
− | + | ||
In quilled, channelled, or nearly flat pieces from one to two millimetres | In quilled, channelled, or nearly flat pieces from one to two millimetres | ||
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sclerenchymatous cells in both cortex and bast; the parenchymatous | sclerenchymatous cells in both cortex and bast; the parenchymatous | ||
cells contain a yellow substance which is colored violet by solution of | cells contain a yellow substance which is colored violet by solution of | ||
− | sodium hydroxide | + | sodium hydroxide. |
− | + | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | + | |} | |
=Microscopic Characteristics= | =Microscopic Characteristics= | ||
+ | {| border=1 | ||
+ | | | ||
{{Microscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918) | {{Microscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918) | ||
− | | description=''Rhamnus | + | | description=''Rhamnus purshiana'': |
− | Under the microscope, a | + | Under the microscope, a transverse section of Cascara Sagrada shows an outer yellowish-brown |
− | transverse section of Cascara Sagrada shows an outer yellowish-brown | + | |
or reddish-brown corky layer consisting of 10 to 15 or more rows of cells; | or reddish-brown corky layer consisting of 10 to 15 or more rows of cells; | ||
stone cells in outer bark in tangentially elongated groups of 20 to 50 | stone cells in outer bark in tangentially elongated groups of 20 to 50 | ||
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0.02 mm. in diameter; occasional fragments of reddish-brown cork. | 0.02 mm. in diameter; occasional fragments of reddish-brown cork. | ||
− | The medullary rays in ''R. | + | The medullary rays in ''R. purshiana'' are |
numerous, thin, for a long distance nearly parallel and straight | numerous, thin, for a long distance nearly parallel and straight | ||
− | (according to L. E. Sayre, they converge | + | (according to L. E. Sayre, they converge at their outer ends), run nearly |
three-quarters of the distance through the bark, and are commonly | three-quarters of the distance through the bark, and are commonly | ||
composed of two rows of cells. | composed of two rows of cells. | ||
− | ''R. | + | ''R. frangula'' contains no stone cells. |
}} | }} | ||
− | {{Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories | + | {{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories |
| companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg | | companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg | ||
− | | companyURL=http://www. | + | | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com |
| mainimage=Cascara.jpg | | mainimage=Cascara.jpg | ||
| caption1=Fibers showing calcium oxalate prism sheath observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution. | | caption1=Fibers showing calcium oxalate prism sheath observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution. | ||
| description= Cascara (bark) (''Rhamnus purshiana'') | | description= Cascara (bark) (''Rhamnus purshiana'') | ||
+ | | source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories | ||
+ | | companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg | ||
+ | | companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com | ||
| image2=Cascara-1.jpg | | image2=Cascara-1.jpg | ||
| caption2=Medullary ray in cross section observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution. | | caption2=Medullary ray in cross section observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution. | ||
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| reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2011 | | reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2011 | ||
| }} | | }} | ||
− | + | |} | |
− | + | ||
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification= | =High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification= | ||
Latest revision as of 19:46, 17 March 2015
Contents |
Nomenclature
Frangula purshiana (DC.) J.G. Cooper Rhamnaceae
Standardized common name (English): cascara sagrada
Botanical Voucher Specimen
Organoleptic Characteristics
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Macroscopic Characteristics
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Microscopic Characteristics
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High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification
Cascara (bark) (Rhamnus purshiana) Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA. Stationary Phase Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates Mobile Phase ethyl acetate: methanol: water [10/1.35/1] Sample Preparation Method 0.3 g + 3 ml CH3OH sonicate/heat @ 50° C ~ 1/2 hr Detection Method Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm Reference see Plant Drug Analysis, Wagner, H., 1996
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Supplementary Information
Sources
- ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
- ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
- ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
- ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
- ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
- ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com