Glycyrrhiza glabra (root)

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{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''Glycyrrhiza glabra'' (root) }}
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{{DISPLAYTITLE: ''Glycyrrhiza glabra'' (root) }} {{askbox|herb=''Glycyrrhiza glabra''}}
 
=Nomenclature=
 
=Nomenclature=
 +
{{nomenclature | binomial=Glycyrrhiza glabra
 +
|authority=L.
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|family=Fabaceae
 +
|scn=licorice
 +
|syn=
 +
|ayurvedic=yashtimadhu
 +
|pinyin=guang guo gan cao; gan cao (root & rhizome)
 +
|aka=Russian licorice; Spanish licorice; Turkish licorice
 +
|notes=}}
  
 
=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
 
=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
  
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{| border=1
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{{Media2 |cat=Voucher
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| {{botcon |companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
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            | companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100253567}}
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| source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
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|-
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| mainimage=Glycyrrhiza glabra - Tropicos.jpg
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| {{botimg |mainimage=Glycyrrhiza glabra - Tropicos.jpg
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| companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100253567
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          |source=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 27 Feb 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100253567>}}
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| companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
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|}
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| image2=Glycyrrhiza glabra - Botanical Liasons.png
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| companyimage2=Botanical liasons logo.png
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| companyURL2=http://www.BotanicalLiaisons.com
 +
| source2=Trish Flaster, MSc, Botanical Liaisons, LLC
 +
 
 +
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.  
 +
| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
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| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000118169
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| image3=Glycyrrhiza_glabra_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000118169_105422.jpg
 +
 
 +
 
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| companyimage4=Kewlogo.gif
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| source4=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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| companyURL4=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000316299
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| image4=Glycyrrhiza_glabra_Kew_imageBarcode%3DK000316299_82175.jpg
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}}
  
 
=Organoleptic Characteristics=
 
=Organoleptic Characteristics=
 
{| border=1
 
{| border=1
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| {{Macroscopy| source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd  
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| {{Organolepsy| source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd  
 
| companyURL=http://www.naturalremedy.com/  
 
| companyURL=http://www.naturalremedy.com/  
 
| companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
 
| companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
 
| description='''Color:''' Unpeeled – yellowish or purplish brown to dark brown externally and yellowish internally. Peeled – pale yellow.}}
 
| description='''Color:''' Unpeeled – yellowish or purplish brown to dark brown externally and yellowish internally. Peeled – pale yellow.}}
  
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{{Macroscopy | source=American Herbal Products Association. March 2013. Organoleptic Analysis of Herbal Ingredients. AHPA: Silver Spring, MD  
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{{Organolepsy| source=American Herbal Products Association. March 2013. Organoleptic Analysis of Herbal Ingredients. AHPA: Silver Spring, MD  
 
| companyURL=http://www.ahpa.org/  
 
| companyURL=http://www.ahpa.org/  
 
| description='''Aroma/Odor:''' Characteristic
 
| description='''Aroma/Odor:''' Characteristic
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=Macroscopic Characteristics=
 
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
 
{| border=1
 
{| border=1
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| {{Macroscopy| source=WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, Vol.1, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1999
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|  
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| description="...The commercial variety, G. glabra var. typica Regel & Herd, known as Spanish liquorice, consists generally of roots and rhizomes in nearly cylindrical pieces ,up to 1m long and 5–20mm in diameter; externally, the bark is brownish grey to dark brown, longitudinally wrinkled, occasionally bearing small dark buds in rhizomes or small circular or transverse rootlet-scars in roots. The peeled root is yellow, smooth, fibrous, finely striated; fracture, fibrous in the bark and splintery in the wood; internally, bright yellow. A distinct cambium ring separates the yellowish grey bark from the finely radiate yellow wood; central pith, only in rhizomes.
+
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+
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The commercial variety, G. glabra var. glandulifera (Wald et Kit) Regel & Herd, known as Russian liquorice, consists mainly of roots, in cylindrical pieces somewhat tapering and sometimes longitudinally split; 15–40cm long, 1–5cm in diameter. The enlarged crown of the root may attain up to 10 cm in diameter; externally, the unpeeled root purplish brown, somewhat scaly, with stem scars at the top; the peeled root yellowish, coarsely striated; fracture as for Spanish type; internally, yellow, radiating."}}
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{{Macroscopy| source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd  
 
{{Macroscopy| source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd  
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           |source=Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/24932881}}
 
           |source=Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/24932881}}
 
|}
 
|}
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{{Media2 |cat=Macroscopy
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| source=PlantaPhile
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            | mainimage=PlantaPhile - 865.jpg
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            | companyimage=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://plantaphile.com/
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            |
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| source2=PlantaPhile
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            | image2=PlantaPhile_-_2590.jpg
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            | companyimage2=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
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            | companyURL2=http://plantaphile.com/
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            | }}
 
{| border=1
 
{| border=1
 
| {{botcon |companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
 
| {{botcon |companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
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=Microscopic Characteristics=
 
=Microscopic Characteristics=
 
{| border=1
 
{| border=1
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| {{Macroscopy| source=WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, Vol.1, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1999
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|
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| description="... In transverse section the cork is thick, brown or purplish brown, formed of several layers of flattened polygonal thin-walled cells; cortex of phelloderm in root somewhat narrow, yellow fibres of parenchyma cells contain isolated prisms of calcium oxalate; phloem, wide, yellow, traversed by numerous wavy parenchymatous medullary rays, 1–8 cells wide and consisting of numerous radial groups of fibres, each surrounded by a crystal sheath of parenchyma cells. Each cell usually contains a prism of calcium oxalate and layers of parenchyma alternating with sieve tissue, the latter occasionally obliterated, appearing as refractive irregular structures; phloem fibres, very long, with very narrow lumen and strongly thickened stratified walls which are cellulosic in the inner part of the phloem and slightly lignified in the outer; xylem, yellow, distinctly radiate; xylem rays, consisting of small pale yellow parenchyma, groups of fibres similar to those of the phloem but more lignified, and surrounded by crystal-sheath, tracheids, and large wide lumen vessels, 80–200 μm in diameter, with thick yellow reticulate walls or with numerous oval bordered pits with slit-shaped openings. Other parenchyma cells contain small round or oval starch granules. Pith, only in rhizome, dark yellow, parenchymatous. Root, with 4-arch primary xylem, no pith and shows 4 broad primary medullary rays, radiating from the centre at right angles to one another. In peeled liquorice, the cork, cortex, and sometimes part of the phloem are absent."}}
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{{Microscopy | source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd  
 
{{Microscopy | source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd  
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<br>Powder: It shows plenty of starch grains, hexagonal crystals vessel elements are with reticulate wall pitting."}}
 
<br>Powder: It shows plenty of starch grains, hexagonal crystals vessel elements are with reticulate wall pitting."}}
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 +
{{Microscopy | source=Hare, Caspari, Rusby. National Standard Dispensatory (1905)
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| description="The powder is identified by (1.) The character and location of starch-grains and crystals; (2) the very numerous bast-fibers of peculiar appearance and the almost identical wood-fibers; (3) The peculiar sieve-tissue.  The starch-grains are irregularly spheroidal, mostly solitary, and range from 1.5 ore 2 to 20 microns in diameter.  They are contained in medullary-ray and parenchyma-cells, and are often associated in the same cell with the monoclinic prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, sometimes also with oil-gobules.  The bast- and wood-fibers are yellow, thick-walled, and doubly pointed.  Part of the sieve-tubes have their cavities nearly or quite obliterated by cell-wall thickening."}}
  
 
{| border=1
 
{| border=1
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=High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Identification=
 
=High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Identification=
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{| border=1
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{{Botanical | source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd  
 
{{Botanical | source=Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd  
 
| companyURL=http://www.naturalremedy.com/  
 
| companyURL=http://www.naturalremedy.com/  
 
| companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
 
| companyimage=Natural Remedies Logo.png
 
|mainimage=G. glabra - ref standard p 97 - Quality Assessment of Selected IndianMedicinal Plants.png
 
|mainimage=G. glabra - ref standard p 97 - Quality Assessment of Selected IndianMedicinal Plants.png
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|caption1=''G. glabra'' reference standard
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|caption1=''G. glabra'' root
 
|image2=G._inflata_-_ref_standard_p_98_-_Quality_Assessment_of_Selected_IndianMedicinal_Plants.png
 
|image2=G._inflata_-_ref_standard_p_98_-_Quality_Assessment_of_Selected_IndianMedicinal_Plants.png
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|caption2=''G. inflata'' reference standard
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|caption2=''G. inflata'' root
 
|image3=G. uralensis - ref standard p 99 - Quality Assessment of Selected IndianMedicinal Plants.png
 
|image3=G. uralensis - ref standard p 99 - Quality Assessment of Selected IndianMedicinal Plants.png
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|caption3=''G. uralensis'' reference standard
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|caption3=''G. uralensis'' root
 
|
 
|
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| description=Sample Preparations:
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| description=Licorice (root) (''Glycyrrhiza glabra'')
 +
 
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'''Sample Preparations:'''
 
Extract 1.0 g of coarsely powdered Glycyrrhiza root in 50 mL of water by boiling for about 5 minutes, and filter. Repeat for 4-5 times or until the extract is colorless. Combine the extracts, concentrate to about 100 mL, and cool to room temperature. Before injection, filter through a membrane filter of 0.45-um or finer pore size, discarding the first 5 mL of the filtrate.
 
Extract 1.0 g of coarsely powdered Glycyrrhiza root in 50 mL of water by boiling for about 5 minutes, and filter. Repeat for 4-5 times or until the extract is colorless. Combine the extracts, concentrate to about 100 mL, and cool to room temperature. Before injection, filter through a membrane filter of 0.45-um or finer pore size, discarding the first 5 mL of the filtrate.
  
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'''Detection:''' UV, 254 nm
 
'''Detection:''' UV, 254 nm
  
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'''Injection volume:''' 20 uL
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'''Injection volume:''' 20 uL}}
  
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}}
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'''Table: Gradient program'''
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===Table: Gradient program===
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{| border=1  
 
{| border=1  
 
| Time (min) || Solution A (%) || Solution B (%)
 
| Time (min) || Solution A (%) || Solution B (%)
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|-
 
|-
 
|40-45 || 95 || 5
 
|40-45 || 95 || 5
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|}
 
|}
 
|}
 
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
 
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
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# 2 μL '''Licorice root 3 (''Glycyrrhiza glabra'')'''
 
# 2 μL '''Licorice root 3 (''Glycyrrhiza glabra'')'''
 
# 2 μL '''Licorice root (''Glycyrrhiza glabra'')'''
 
# 2 μL '''Licorice root (''Glycyrrhiza glabra'')'''
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             | notes=
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             | notes=<br>
 
'''Reference Standard Solution:''' 0.1 mg/mL ammonium glycyrrhizate in ethanol and water (7:3). Or 0.1 mg/mL glycyrrhizic acid in ethanol and water (7:3).
 
'''Reference Standard Solution:''' 0.1 mg/mL ammonium glycyrrhizate in ethanol and water (7:3). Or 0.1 mg/mL glycyrrhizic acid in ethanol and water (7:3).
  
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=Supplementary Information=
 
=Supplementary Information=
 +
==Other Publications==
 +
===HPLC with Online Near-IR analysis, Li, ''et al.'', 2015===
 +
'''Online near-infrared analysis coupled with MWPLS and SiPLS models for the multi-ingredient and multi-phase extraction of licorice (''Gancao''),'''
 +
<blockquote>'''Abstract.'''
 +
 +
This study aims to analyze the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) of licorice (''Radix Glycyrrhizae''; ''gancao''), including glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritin and total flavonoids, in multi-ingredient and multi-phase extraction by online near-infrared technology with fiber optic probes and chemometric analysis.
 +
 +
High-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometry determined the APIs content in different extraction phases by online near-infrared analysis, which included sample set selection by the Kennard–Stone algorithm, optimization of spectral pretreatment methods (i.e., orthogonal signal correction and wavelet denoising spectral correction), and model calibration by the partial least-squares algorithm, moving-window partial least-squares algorithm and synergy interval partial least-squares (SiPLS) algorithm. The relative errors and F values were used to assess the models in different extraction phases.
 +
 +
The root-mean-square error of correction, root-mean-square error of cross-validation and root-mean-square error of prediction of APIs in the SiPLS model was less than 0.07. The F values of glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritin and total flavonoids were 10,765, 32,431, 649 and 6080, respectively, which were larger than 6.90 (P < 0.01).
 +
 +
The study demonstrated the feasibility of online NIR analysis in the multi-ingredient and multi-phase extraction of APIs from licorice.
 +
<ref>
 +
    Li, Y., Guo, M., Wu, Z., Li, J., Ma, Q., Qiao, Y. 2015. Online near-infrared analysis coupled with MWPLS and SiPLS models for the multi-ingredient and multi-phase extraction of licorice (''Gancao'')  ''Chinese Medicine''  10(38). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13020-015-0069-2</ref></blockquote>
  
 
=Sources=
 
=Sources=

Latest revision as of 18:35, 12 April 2016

AHPA recognizes other valuable resources exist regarding the identity of Glycyrrhiza glabra.

To submit a suggestion or contribution, please contact Merle Zimmermann.

Contents

Nomenclature

Glycyrrhiza glabra L.   Fabaceae  
Standardized common name (English): licorice  
Ayurvedic name(s): yashtimadhu  
Pinyin name(s): guang guo gan cao; gan cao (root & rhizome)

Botanical Voucher Specimen

bottomright bottomright

Glycyrrhiza glabra - Tropicos.jpg
Source: MOBOT, Tropicos.org[1]

Glycyrrhiza glabra - Botanical Liasons.png
Source: Trish Flaster, MSc, Botanical Liaisons, LLC[2]

Organoleptic Characteristics

Color: Unpeeled – yellowish or purplish brown to dark brown externally and yellowish internally. Peeled – pale yellow.

Source: Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd [3]
Natural Remedies Logo.png
Aroma/Odor: Characteristic

Flavor/Taste: Sweet, sugary
Source: American Herbal Products Association. March 2013. Organoleptic Analysis of Herbal Ingredients. AHPA: Silver Spring, MD [4]

Macroscopic Characteristics

"...Root nearly cylindrical up to 2 cm in diameter, externally wrinkled with patches of cork. Fracture, coarsely fibrous in bark and splintery in wood."

Source: Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd [5]
Natural Remedies Logo.png
bottomright bottomright

G. glabra - Flora von Deutschland.jpg
Source: Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz- Otto Wilhelm Thomé (1885) [6]

Glycyrrhiza glabra - foliage - eol.jpg
Foliage
Source: Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/2447928 [7]

Glycyrrhiza glabra - inflorescence - eol.jpg
Inflorescence
Source: Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/24932881 [8]
bottomright bottomright

PlantaPhile - 865.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[9]

PlantaPhile - 2590.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[10]
bottomright bottomright

G. glabra - Dried Root - Quality Assessment of Selected IndianMedicinal Plants.png
Dried Roots
Source: Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/ [11]

G. glabra - dried root - EOL 76628 orig.jpg
Dried Roots 2
Source: Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/19163752 [12]

Microscopic Characteristics

"Transverse section of stolon more or less rounded. Phellem severeal layered with tabular cells; outer layers filled with reddish brown contents, inner colourless. Phellogen indistinct; phelloderm three to five layered, collenchymatous; some of the cells contain calcium oxalate and minute starch grains. Secondary phloem with numerous concentrically arranged bundles of phloem fibres and surrounded by a parenchymatous sheath containing prisms of calcium oxalate. Medullary rays distinct, bi-to multiseriate, parenchymatous, in continuation with those of xylem. The rays are narrower in xylem and wider in phloem region. Xylem consists of vessels, fibres and lignified wood parenchyma. The unpeeled drug shows the presence of polyhedral tubular brownish cork cells. In case of stolons, the pith is present and is parenchymatous. The root is characterized by the presence of tetrarch xylem and absence of pith.


Powder: It shows plenty of starch grains, hexagonal crystals vessel elements are with reticulate wall pitting."

Source: Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd [13]
Natural Remedies Logo.png


"The powder is identified by (1.) The character and location of starch-grains and crystals; (2) the very numerous bast-fibers of peculiar appearance and the almost identical wood-fibers; (3) The peculiar sieve-tissue. The starch-grains are irregularly spheroidal, mostly solitary, and range from 1.5 ore 2 to 20 microns in diameter. They are contained in medullary-ray and parenchyma-cells, and are often associated in the same cell with the monoclinic prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, sometimes also with oil-gobules. The bast- and wood-fibers are yellow, thick-walled, and doubly pointed. Part of the sieve-tubes have their cavities nearly or quite obliterated by cell-wall thickening."

Source: Hare, Caspari, Rusby. National Standard Dispensatory (1905) [14]


bottomright bottomright bottomright

Glycyrrhiza Root - NR transverse section.JPG
Transverse section
Source: Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/ [15]

Glycyrrhiza Powder microscopy-starch granules - NR.jpg
Starch granules and hexagonal crystals in powder
Source: Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/ [16]

Glycyrrhiza Powder microscopy - vessels - NR.jpg
Vessels with reticulate thickening in powder
Source: Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/ [17]

High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Identification

Natural Remedies Logo.png
(thumbnail)
G. glabra root

Licorice (root) (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Sample Preparations: Extract 1.0 g of coarsely powdered Glycyrrhiza root in 50 mL of water by boiling for about 5 minutes, and filter. Repeat for 4-5 times or until the extract is colorless. Combine the extracts, concentrate to about 100 mL, and cool to room temperature. Before injection, filter through a membrane filter of 0.45-um or finer pore size, discarding the first 5 mL of the filtrate.

Column: C18, 25-cm x 4.6 mm, 5-um

Mobile Phase: 0.14 g of anhydrous potassium dihydrogen phosphate in 900 mL of water, add 0.5 mL phosphoric acid, mix, complete to volume with water, and mix (Solution A); and acetonitrile (Solution B)

Elution: Gradient program, see Table below

Flow rate: 1.5 mL/min

Detection: UV, 254 nm

Injection volume: 20 uL

  • (thumbnail)

    G. glabra root

  • (thumbnail)

    G. inflata root

  • (thumbnail)

    G. uralensis root

Source: Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd [18]

Table: Gradient program

Time (min) Solution A (%) Solution B (%)
0-18 95-55 5-45
18-25 55-20 45-80
25-28 20 80
28-35 20-55 80-45
35-40 55-95 45-5
40-45 95 5

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification

HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
(thumbnail)
Glycyrrhiza glabra HPTLC ID - Developed, UV 366 nm

Licorice (root) (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):

  1. 2 μL Ammonium glyccyrhizate
  2. 2 μL Glycyrrhizic acid
  3. 2 μL Licorice root 1 (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
  4. 2 μL Licorice root 2 (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
  5. 2 μL Licorice root 3 (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
  6. 2 μL Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) 

Other Notes
Reference Standard Solution: 0.1 mg/mL ammonium glycyrrhizate in ethanol and water (7:3). Or 0.1 mg/mL glycyrrhizic acid in ethanol and water (7:3).

Reference Sample Preparations: Mix 0.5 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of ethanol and water (7:3, v/v), sonicate for 10 minutes, centrifuge or filter the solution, and use the supernatant / filtrate.

Stationary Phase: HPTLC, Silica gel 60 F254

Mobile Phase: Ethyl acetate, acetic acid, formic acid, water (15:1:1:2)

Development: Saturate chamber for 20 minutes; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge of the plate; relative humidity 33%, temperature 25°.

Derivatization reagent: Methanol sulfuric acid reagent- 180 mL of ice-cooled methanol are mixed with 20 mL of sulfuric acid.

Detection: a. Examine under UV light at 254 nm b. Dip (time 0, speed 5) in Derivatization reagent, heat at 100°C for 10 min, leave to cool, and examine under visible light.

Procedure:

Reference Standard Solutions, Stationary Phase, Mobile Phase, Development, Derivatization reagent, and Detection, as described above.

Test Sample Preparation: Prepare test sample as described under Reference Sample Preparations and apply 2 uL.

Identification: Compare Test Sample Preparation chromatogram with chromatograms of Reference Sample Preparations. The Test Sample Preparation chromatogram is similar to that of the Reference Sample Preparations chromatograms. Additional weak zones may be present.

Under UV light, the Test Sample Preparation chromatogram exhibits a quenching zone in the lower-third section of the chromatogram corresponding to the zone due to ammonium glycyrrhizate in the Reference Standard Solution chromatogram. Above it there are four quenching zones corresponding to those marked with red arrows in the Reference Sample Preparations chromatograms.

After derivatization and under visible light, the Test Sample Preparation chromatogram exhibits a brown zone in the lower-third section of the chromatogram corresponding to the zone due to ammonium glycyrrhizate in the Reference Standard Solution chromatogram. Above it there are four yellow zones corresponding to those marked with black arrows in the Reference Sample Preparations chromatograms.

Note: Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as a bases for setting specifications for quality control purposes.

  • (thumbnail)

    Glycyrrhiza glabra HPTLC ID - Developed, UV 366 nm

  • (thumbnail)

    Glycyrrhiza glabra HPTLC ID - Developed, White RT

Source: HPTLC Association [19]


Supplementary Information

Other Publications

HPLC with Online Near-IR analysis, Li, et al., 2015

Online near-infrared analysis coupled with MWPLS and SiPLS models for the multi-ingredient and multi-phase extraction of licorice (Gancao),

Abstract. This study aims to analyze the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) of licorice (Radix Glycyrrhizae; gancao), including glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritin and total flavonoids, in multi-ingredient and multi-phase extraction by online near-infrared technology with fiber optic probes and chemometric analysis. High-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometry determined the APIs content in different extraction phases by online near-infrared analysis, which included sample set selection by the Kennard–Stone algorithm, optimization of spectral pretreatment methods (i.e., orthogonal signal correction and wavelet denoising spectral correction), and model calibration by the partial least-squares algorithm, moving-window partial least-squares algorithm and synergy interval partial least-squares (SiPLS) algorithm. The relative errors and F values were used to assess the models in different extraction phases. The root-mean-square error of correction, root-mean-square error of cross-validation and root-mean-square error of prediction of APIs in the SiPLS model was less than 0.07. The F values of glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritin and total flavonoids were 10,765, 32,431, 649 and 6080, respectively, which were larger than 6.90 (P < 0.01). The study demonstrated the feasibility of online NIR analysis in the multi-ingredient and multi-phase extraction of APIs from licorice. [20]

Sources

  1. ↑ MOBOT, Tropicos.org http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100253567
  2. ↑ Trish Flaster, MSc, Botanical Liaisons, LLC http://www.BotanicalLiaisons.com
  3. ↑ Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/
  4. ↑ American Herbal Products Association. March 2013. Organoleptic Analysis of Herbal Ingredients. AHPA: Silver Spring, MD http://www.ahpa.org/
  5. ↑ Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/
  6. ↑ Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz- Otto Wilhelm Thomé (1885)
  7. ↑ Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/2447928
  8. ↑ Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/24932881
  9. ↑ PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  10. ↑ PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  11. ↑ Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/
  12. ↑ Encyclopedia of Life http://eol.org/data_objects/19163752
  13. ↑ Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/
  14. ↑ Hare, Caspari, Rusby. National Standard Dispensatory (1905)
  15. ↑ Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/
  16. ↑ Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/
  17. ↑ Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/
  18. ↑ Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd http://www.naturalremedy.com/
  19. ↑ HPTLC Association http://www.hptlc-association.org/
  20. ↑ Li, Y., Guo, M., Wu, Z., Li, J., Ma, Q., Qiao, Y. 2015. Online near-infrared analysis coupled with MWPLS and SiPLS models for the multi-ingredient and multi-phase extraction of licorice (Gancao) Chinese Medicine 10(38). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13020-015-0069-2
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