Hypericum perforatum (flowering tops)

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=Introduction=
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Hypericum perforatum'' (flowering tops)}}
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''Introduction from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum, retrieved 02/27/2012).''
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=Nomenclature=
  
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Saint John's wort (traditionally /ˈsɪndʒənzwɜrt/ sin-jənz-wurt; now commonly /wɔrt/, as spelt) is the plant species ''Hypericum perforatum'', and is also known as Tipton's weed, chase-devil, or Klamath weed. ''Hypericum perforatum'' is a yellow-flowering, stoloniferous or sarmentose, perennial herb indigenous to Europe, which has been introduced to many temperate areas of the world and grows wild in many meadows. The genus name ''Hypericum'' is derived from the Greek words ''hyper'' (above) and ''eikon'' (picture), in reference to the traditional use of the plant to ward off evil by hanging plants over a religious icon in the house during Saint John's day. The specific epithet ''perforatum'' refers to the presence of small transparent oil glands in the leaves, which can be seen when they are held against the light. The common name comes from its traditional flowering and harvesting time on Saint John's day, June 24.  
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=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
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| {{botimg |mainimage= Hypericum perforatum LF00509MMB A0153.jpg
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          |source= Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com}}
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| {{botimg |mainimage= Hypericum perforatum LF19505JD A0154.jpg
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          |source= Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com}}
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| {{botimg |mainimage= Hypericum perforatum LF20105BMX1 A0155.jpg
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          |source= Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com}}
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With qualifiers, St John's wort is used to refer to any species of the genus ''Hypericum''. Therefore, ''H. perforatum'' is sometimes called common St John's wort to differentiate it. The species of ''Hypericum'' are classified in the Hypericaceae family, having previously been classified as Guttiferae or Clusiaceae. Approximately 370 species of the genus ''Hypericum'' exist worldwide with a native geographical distribution including temperate and subtropical regions of North America, Europe, Turkey, Russia, India, China and Brazil.
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=Organoleptic Characteristics=
  
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''The quoted text in this section was licensed for use under the Creative Commons ShareAlike License, version 3.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/''
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=Macroscopic Descriptions=
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=Botanical Entries=
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| {{Macroscopy | source=''Descriptive text includes material derived from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum, retrieved 02/27/2012) as well as original material.''
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St John's wort is a perennial plant with extensive, creeping rhizomes. Its stems are erect, branched in the upper section, and can grow to 1 m high. It has opposing, stalkless, narrow, oblong leaves that are 12 mm long or slightly larger. The leaves are yellow-green in color, with transparent dots, which are visible when the leaf is held up to the light, throughout the tissue and occasionally with a few black dots on the lower surface and along the margin. The transparent dots give the leaves a ‘perforated’ appearance, hence the plant's Latin name.
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            | description=St John's wort is a perennial plant with extensive, creeping rhizomes. Its stems are erect, branched in the upper section, and can grow to 1 m high. It has opposing, stalkless, narrow, oblong leaves that are 12 mm long or slightly larger. The leaves are yellow-green in color, with transparent dots, which are visible when the leaf is held up to the light, throughout the tissue and occasionally with a few black dots on the lower surface and along the margin. The transparent dots give the leaves a ‘perforated’ appearance, hence the plant's Latin name.
  
 
Its flowers measure up to 2.5 cm across, have five petals, which are colored bright yellow with conspicuous black dots ''only along the margin'', while the sepals have few or no black dots. The flowers appear in broad cymes at the ends of the upper branches, between late spring and early to mid summer. There are many stamens, which are united at the base into three bundles. Styles are 3, separate to the base.
 
Its flowers measure up to 2.5 cm across, have five petals, which are colored bright yellow with conspicuous black dots ''only along the margin'', while the sepals have few or no black dots. The flowers appear in broad cymes at the ends of the upper branches, between late spring and early to mid summer. There are many stamens, which are united at the base into three bundles. Styles are 3, separate to the base.
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When flower buds (not the flowers themselves) or seed pods are crushed, a reddish/purple liquid is produced.
 
When flower buds (not the flowers themselves) or seed pods are crushed, a reddish/purple liquid is produced.
  
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{{Botanical  | source=Roy Upton, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia®
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''The quoted text in this section was licensed for use under the Creative Commons ShareAlike License, version 3.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/''}}
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            | companyimage=AHPLogoWeb.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://www.herbal-ahp.org/
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            | description=St. John's wort (''Hypericum perforatum'')
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            | mainimage=Hypericum perforatum 1 RU.jpg
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            | caption1=''Hypericum perforatum'' growing in the field
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=Macroscopic Entries=
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{{Macroscopy | source=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
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            | mainimage=Hypericum perforatum LF00509MMB A0153.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
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            | caption1=St. John's Wort Botanical Voucher Specimen - Alkemists Laboratories
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            | description=St. John's Wort (''Hypericum perforatum'') Botanical Voucher Specimen
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            | image2=Hypericum perforatum LF19505JD A0154.jpg
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            | caption2=St. John's Wort (''Hypericum perforatum'') Botanical Voucher Specimen (2/3)
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            | image3=Hypericum perforatum LF20105BMX1 A0155.jpg
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            | caption3=St. John's Wort (''Hypericum perforatum'') Botanical Voucher Specimen (3/3)
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{{Macroscopy | source=American Herbal Pharmacopoeia®
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            | mainimage=Hypericum blossom stereo 2.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://www.herbal-ahp.org/
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            | caption1=''Hypericum perforatum'' flower close-up. Note the black dots on the petals' margin only.
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            | description=''Hypericum perforatum''
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            | image2=Hypericum_perforatum_leaves_stereo_1.JPG
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            | caption2=''Hypericum perforatum'' leaves with the characteristic black dots on the margin and translucent dots on the leaf body.
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            | image3=Hypericum perforatum stem stereo 2.JPG
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            | caption3=''Hypericum perforatum'' stem showing opposite ridges, a defining characteristic of the species.
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            | }}
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{| border=1
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| {{botcon |companyimage= AHPLogoWeb.jpg
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            | companyURL= http://www.herbal-ahp.org/}} || {{botcon |companyimage= AHPLogoWeb.jpg
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            | companyURL= http://www.herbal-ahp.org/}} || {{botcon |companyimage= AHPLogoWeb.jpg
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            | companyURL= http://www.herbal-ahp.org/}} || {{botcon |companyimage= AHPLogoWeb.jpg
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            | companyURL= http://www.herbal-ahp.org/}}
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|-
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| {{botimg |mainimage= Hypericum perforatum 1 RU.jpg
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          |caption1= ''Hypericum perforatum'' growing in the field
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          |source= Roy Upton, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/}}
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| {{botimg |mainimage= Hypericum blossom stereo 2.jpg
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          |caption1= ''Hypericum perforatum'' flower close-up. Note the black dots on the petals' margin only.
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          |source= American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/}}
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| {{botimg |mainimage= Hypericum_perforatum_leaves_stereo_1.JPG
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          |caption1= ''Hypericum perforatum'' leaves with the characteristic black dots on the margin and translucent dots on the leaf body.
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          |source= American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/}}
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| {{botimg |mainimage= Hypericum perforatum stem stereo 2.JPG
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          |caption1= ''Hypericum perforatum'' stem showing opposite ridges, a defining characteristic of the species.
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          |source= American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/}}
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=Microscopic Entries=
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=Microscopic Characteristics=
 
{{Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
 
{{Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
 
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=HPTLC Entries=
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=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
 
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
 
{{HPTLC | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
 
             | description=St. John's Wort (herb) (''Hypericum perforatum'')
 
             | description=St. John's Wort (herb) (''Hypericum perforatum'')
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=Other Points of Interest=
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[[Category:Botanical]]

Revision as of 19:54, 14 February 2014

Contents

Nomenclature

Botanical Voucher Specimen

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Hypericum perforatum LF00509MMB A0153.jpg
Source: Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com [1]

Hypericum perforatum LF19505JD A0154.jpg
Source: Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com [2]

Hypericum perforatum LF20105BMX1 A0155.jpg
Source: Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com [3]

Organoleptic Characteristics

Macroscopic Descriptions

St John's wort is a perennial plant with extensive, creeping rhizomes. Its stems are erect, branched in the upper section, and can grow to 1 m high. It has opposing, stalkless, narrow, oblong leaves that are 12 mm long or slightly larger. The leaves are yellow-green in color, with transparent dots, which are visible when the leaf is held up to the light, throughout the tissue and occasionally with a few black dots on the lower surface and along the margin. The transparent dots give the leaves a ‘perforated’ appearance, hence the plant's Latin name.

Its flowers measure up to 2.5 cm across, have five petals, which are colored bright yellow with conspicuous black dots only along the margin, while the sepals have few or no black dots. The flowers appear in broad cymes at the ends of the upper branches, between late spring and early to mid summer. There are many stamens, which are united at the base into three bundles. Styles are 3, separate to the base.

When flower buds (not the flowers themselves) or seed pods are crushed, a reddish/purple liquid is produced.

The quoted text in this section was licensed for use under the Creative Commons ShareAlike License, version 3.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Source: Descriptive text includes material derived from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum, retrieved 02/27/2012) as well as original material. [4]
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Hypericum perforatum 1 RU.jpg
Hypericum perforatum growing in the field
Source: Roy Upton, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/ [5]

Hypericum blossom stereo 2.jpg
Hypericum perforatum flower close-up. Note the black dots on the petals' margin only.
Source: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/ [6]

Hypericum perforatum leaves stereo 1.JPG
Hypericum perforatum leaves with the characteristic black dots on the margin and translucent dots on the leaf body.
Source: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/ [7]

Hypericum perforatum stem stereo 2.JPG
Hypericum perforatum stem showing opposite ridges, a defining characteristic of the species.
Source: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/ [8]

Microscopic Characteristics

Oil glands with red pigment of Hypericum perforatum viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.Oil glands with red pigment and also of importance, a three pored pollen grain that shows smooth and faintly warted exine of Hypericum perforatum.

Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories [9]
AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
Hypericum perforatum L. -Clusiaceae--1.jpg


St. John's Wort, Hyperici herba secretory cell

Source: Claudia Borst, PhytoLab [10]
PhytoLab Logo.jpg
St johns wort secretory cell phytolab.jpg



High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification

AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
(thumbnail)
Hypericum perforatum HPTLC ID - Natural Product Reagent + PEG UV 365 nm

St. John's Wort (herb) (Hypericum perforatum)

Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):

  1. 3 μL Hypericin ~ 0.1% in Methanol
  2. 3 μL Hypericum perforatum-1 (herb)
  3. 3 μL Hypericum perforatum-2 (herb)
  4. 3 μL Hypericum perforatum-3 (herb)
  5. 3 μL Hypericum perforatum-3 (herb)
  6. 3 μL Hypericum perforatum-4 (herb)
  7. 3 μL Hypericum perforatum-5 (herb)
  8. 1 μL Rutin, Caffeic Acid, Hyperoside, Chlorogenic Acid ~ 0.1% in Methanol

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA. 

Stationary Phase Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates 

Mobile Phase ethyl acetate: Acetic acid: HCOOH: H2O [10/1.1/1.1/2.4] 

Sample Preparation Method 0.3 g + 3 ml 70% grain EtOH sonicated + heated @ 50° C ~ 1 hr 

Detection Method Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm 

Reference see British Pharmacopoeia, 2003


Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories [11]

Supplementary Information

Sources

  1. ↑ Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  2. ↑ Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  3. ↑ Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  4. ↑ Descriptive text includes material derived from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum, retrieved 02/27/2012) as well as original material.
  5. ↑ Roy Upton, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/
  6. ↑ American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/
  7. ↑ American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/
  8. ↑ American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/
  9. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.Alkemist.com
  10. ↑ Claudia Borst, PhytoLab http://www.phytolab.com/en.html
  11. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
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