Hypericum perforatum (flowering tops)
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=Botanical Voucher Specimen= | =Botanical Voucher Specimen= | ||
− | {| | + | {{Media2 |cat=Voucher |companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif |
− | + | | companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/61762 | |
− | | companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/61762 | + | |companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg |
− | | | + | | companyURL2= http://www.alkemist.com |
− | + | |mainimage=St. John's Wort Tropicos 61762.jpg | |
− | + | |source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org. | |
− | |source=Tropicos.org. | + | |image2= Hypericum perforatum LF00509MMB A0153.jpg |
− | | | + | |source2= Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories |
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=Organoleptic Characteristics= | =Organoleptic Characteristics= | ||
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| description="...Stem glabrous greenish-yellow to brownish-yellow branching, 2-winged, cylindrical with 2 equidistant longitudinal bands. Leaves glabrous, generally sessile, opposite, greenish-grey, oval, 8–35mm long, with entire margins; laminal margin often more or less revolute-marginated. Brown-black glandular dots sometimes present along the edges; numerous pellucid glands on the entire surface. Flowers, 2 cm in diameter, regular, forming a broadly paniculate, compound cymose inflorescence at top of stem, composed of: 5 green, lanceolate sepals, containing punctiform, black glandular dots on the edges; 5 golden-yellow petals, with numerous glandular dots along margins; and 3 staminal blades, each divided into multiple golden-yellow stamens. Anthers with single, terminal, dark pigment dot. Ovary elongated and conical, parietal placentation, carries 3 styles." }} | | description="...Stem glabrous greenish-yellow to brownish-yellow branching, 2-winged, cylindrical with 2 equidistant longitudinal bands. Leaves glabrous, generally sessile, opposite, greenish-grey, oval, 8–35mm long, with entire margins; laminal margin often more or less revolute-marginated. Brown-black glandular dots sometimes present along the edges; numerous pellucid glands on the entire surface. Flowers, 2 cm in diameter, regular, forming a broadly paniculate, compound cymose inflorescence at top of stem, composed of: 5 green, lanceolate sepals, containing punctiform, black glandular dots on the edges; 5 golden-yellow petals, with numerous glandular dots along margins; and 3 staminal blades, each divided into multiple golden-yellow stamens. Anthers with single, terminal, dark pigment dot. Ovary elongated and conical, parietal placentation, carries 3 styles." }} | ||
− | {| | + | {{Media4 |cat=Macroscopy |companyimage= AHPLogoWeb.jpg |
− | + | | companyURL= http://www.herbal-ahp.org/ | |
− | | companyURL= http://www.herbal-ahp.org/ | + | |companyimag2e= AHPLogoWeb.jpg |
− | | | + | | companyURL2= http://www.herbal-ahp.org/ |
− | | | + | |companyimage3= AHPLogoWeb.jpg |
− | | | + | | companyURL3= http://www.herbal-ahp.org/ |
− | + | companyimage4= AHPLogoWeb.jpg | |
− | + | | companyURL4= http://www.herbal-ahp.org/ | |
+ | |mainimage= Hypericum perforatum 1 RU.jpg | ||
|caption1= ''Hypericum perforatum'' growing in the field | |caption1= ''Hypericum perforatum'' growing in the field | ||
− | |source= Roy Upton, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® | + | |source= Roy Upton, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® |
− | | | + | |image2= Hypericum blossom stereo 2.jpg |
− | | | + | |caption2= ''Hypericum perforatum'' flower close-up. Note the black dots on the petals' margin only. |
− | | | + | |source2= American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® |
− | | | + | |image3= Hypericum_perforatum_leaves_stereo_1.JPG |
− | | | + | |caption3= ''Hypericum perforatum'' leaves with the characteristic black dots on the margin and translucent dots on the leaf body. |
− | | | + | |source3= American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® |
− | | | + | |image4= Hypericum perforatum stem stereo 2.JPG |
− | | | + | |caption4= ''Hypericum perforatum'' stem showing opposite ridges, a defining characteristic of the species. |
− | | | + | |source4= American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® }} |
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=Microscopic Characteristics= | =Microscopic Characteristics= | ||
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Powder: "...Yellowish-green or brownish-green. Leaf fragments abundant, most containing large characteristic hypericin oil glands with brown to red contents. Fragments of leaf epidermis, the adaxial side with thick-walled punctate, slightly sinuate cells, and abaxial side with sinuate cells and paracytic stomata; mesophyll fragments with large secretory pockets which are spherical, bright, containing strongly refractive oil droplets; fragments of palisade parenchyma; stem fragments with reticulate spiral vessels, areolate punctation, long fibres with thick walls, ligneous parenchyma, and small number of thick-walled, characteristically punctate medullary cells; fragments of petals made of elongated rectangular cells with irregular nodulous thickenings, containing numerous yellow droplets and large, round to oval secretory pockets; fragments of anthers; pollen grains 20–28mm in diameter, smooth spherical or elliptical with 3 germinal pores; clusters of calcium oxalate crystals."}} | Powder: "...Yellowish-green or brownish-green. Leaf fragments abundant, most containing large characteristic hypericin oil glands with brown to red contents. Fragments of leaf epidermis, the adaxial side with thick-walled punctate, slightly sinuate cells, and abaxial side with sinuate cells and paracytic stomata; mesophyll fragments with large secretory pockets which are spherical, bright, containing strongly refractive oil droplets; fragments of palisade parenchyma; stem fragments with reticulate spiral vessels, areolate punctation, long fibres with thick walls, ligneous parenchyma, and small number of thick-walled, characteristically punctate medullary cells; fragments of petals made of elongated rectangular cells with irregular nodulous thickenings, containing numerous yellow droplets and large, round to oval secretory pockets; fragments of anthers; pollen grains 20–28mm in diameter, smooth spherical or elliptical with 3 germinal pores; clusters of calcium oxalate crystals."}} | ||
− | {| | + | {{Media4 |cat=Microscopy |companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg |
− | + | | companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com | |
− | | companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com | + | |companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg |
− | | companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com | + | | companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com |
− | | companyURL= http://www.phytolab.com/en.html | + | |companyimage= PhytoLab_Logo.jpg |
− | | companyURL= http://www.phytolab.com/en.html | + | | companyURL= http://www.phytolab.com/en.html |
− | + | |companyimage= PhytoLab_Logo.jpg | |
− | + | | companyURL= http://www.phytolab.com/en.html} | |
+ | |mainimage=Hypericum_perforatum_L._-Clusiaceae--1.jpg | ||
|caption1= Oil glands with red pigment of ''Hypericum perforatum'' viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution. | |caption1= Oil glands with red pigment of ''Hypericum perforatum'' viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution. | ||
− | |source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories | + | |source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories |
− | | | + | |image2=Hypericum_perforatum_L._-Clusiaceae--2.jpg |
− | | | + | |caption2= Three pored pollen grain showing smooth and faintly warted exine of ''Hypericum perforatum'' viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution. |
− | | | + | |source2= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories |
− | | | + | |image3=st johns wort secretory cell phytolab.jpg |
− | | | + | |caption3= St. John's Wort, ''Hyperici herba'' secretory cell |
− | | | + | |source3= Claudia Borst, PhytoLab |
− | | | + | |image4=st johns wort pollen grain phytolab.jpg |
− | | | + | |caption4= St. John's Wort, ''Hyperici herba'' pollen grain |
− | | | + | |source4= Claudia Borst, PhytoLab |
+ | }} | ||
− | + | {{Media2 |cat=Microscopy |companyimage= PhytoLab_Logo.jpg | |
− | + | | companyURL= http://www.phytolab.com/en.html | |
− | {| | + | |companyimage2= PhytoLab_Logo.jpg |
− | + | | companyURL2= http://www.phytolab.com/en.html | |
− | | companyURL= http://www.phytolab.com/en.html | + | |mainimage=st johns wort hypericin gland phytolab.jpg |
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|caption1= St. John's Wort, ''Hyperici herba'' hypericin gland | |caption1= St. John's Wort, ''Hyperici herba'' hypericin gland | ||
− | |source= Claudia Borst, PhytoLab http://www.phytolab.com/en.html | + | |source= Claudia Borst, PhytoLab http://www.phytolab.com/en.html |
− | | | + | |image2=st johns wort tracheidal vessels with pitted walls phytolab.jpg |
− | | | + | |caption2= St. John's Wort, ''Hyperici herba'' tracheidal vessels with pitted walls |
− | | | + | |source2= Claudia Borst, PhytoLab }} |
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Revision as of 18:53, 18 March 2014
Contents |
Nomenclature
Hypericum perforatum L. Clusiaceae
Standardized common name (English): St. John's wort
Botanical Voucher Specimen
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Organoleptic Characteristics
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Macroscopic Characteristics
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Microscopic Characteristics
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High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Identification
'Method for Hypericins
Column: 15-cm x 4.6 mm, 5-um, Waters Atlantis C18
Mobile Phase: A mix of 39 volumes of ethyl acetate, 41 volumes of a 15.6 g/L solution of sodium dihydrogen phosphate adjusted to pH 2 with phosphoric acid and 160 volumes of methanol.
Elution: Isocratic
Column Temperature: 40°C
Flow rate: 1.0 mL/min
Detection: Vis, 590 nm
Injection volume: 20 uL
Method for Hyperforins and Flavonoids
Column: 15-cm x 4.6 mm, 3-um, YMC-Pack ODS-A
Mobile Phase: Water, containing 0.3 % (v/v) phosphoric acid 85% (Solution A) and acetonitrile containing 0.3 % (v/v) phosphoric acid 85% (Solution B)
Elution: Gradient, see table below
Column Temperature: 25°C
Detection: UV, 360 nm, then at 275 nm after the elution of biapigenin (about 22 min)
Injection volume: 10 uL
Source: Indena S.p.A. [16]
Table: Gradient program
Time (min) | Solution A (%) | Solution B (%) | Flow Rate (mL/min) |
0-8 | 82 | 18 | 0.8 |
8-18 | 82-47 | 18-53 | 0.8 |
18-18.1 | 47-3 | 53-97 | 0.8 |
18.1-19 | 3 | 97 | 1.2 |
19-29 | 3 | 97 | 1.2 |
29-30 | 82 | 18 | 1.2 |
30-31 | 82 | 18 | 0.8 |
31-35 | 82 | 18 | 0.8 |
High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification
St. John's wort (herb) (Hypericum perforatum) Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
Other Notes Reference Sample Preparations: Sonicate 0.5 g of powdered sample in 5 mL of methanol at 60°C, centrifuge or filter the solution, and use the supernatant / filtrate. Stationary Phase: HPTLC, Silica gel 60 F254 Mobile Phase: Ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, water, formic acid, acetic acid (100:25:11:10:10) Development: Saturate chamber for 20 minutes; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge of the plate; relative humidity 33%, temperature 25°. Derivatization reagent A: Natural Products Reagent (NP)– 5 mg/mL 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate in ethyl acetate in a glass bottle. Derivatization reagent B: PEG Reagent– 50 mg/mL polyethylene glycol 400 (macrogol) in dichloromethane in a glass bottle. Detection: Heat plate at 100°C for 3 min, dip (time 0, speed 5) in Derivatization reagent A, dry, dip (time 0, speed 5) in Derivatization reagent B, and examine under UV light at 366 nm. System suitability: Rutin: orange fluorescent zone in the lower one-third of the plate at about Rf 0.1. Hyperoside: orange fluorescent zone in the lower one-third of the plate at about Rf 0.25. Procedure: Reference Standard Solutions, Stationary Phase, Mobile Phase, Development, Derivatization reagent A, Derivatization reagent B, and Detection, as described above. Test Sample Preparation: Prepare test sample as described under Reference Sample Preparations and apply 4 uL. Identification: Compare Test Sample Preparation chromatogram with chromatograms of Reference Sample Preparations. The Test Sample Preparation chromatogram is similar to that of the Reference Sample Preparations chromatograms. Additional weak zones may be present. The Test Sample Preparation chromatogram exhibits fluorescent zones corresponding to the zones due to rutin, hyperoside, hypericin, and pseudohypericin in the Reference Standard Solution chromatograms. Between the zones due to hyperoside and hypericin there are several orange fluorescent zones. Related Species: A very faint zone at the Rf corresponding to rutin indicating Hypericum montanum (mountain St. John’s Wort), Hypericum hirsutum (hairy St. John’s Wort), or Hypericum undulatum (wavy St. John’s Wort). A blue fluorescent zone detected below and well resolved from the hyperoside zone indicating Hypericum montanum. Two yellow zones detected around one-third of the chromatogram indicating Hypericum hirsutum. An orange zone detected at Rf 0.47 indicating Hypericum undulatum. Note: Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as a bases for setting specifications for quality control purposes.
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St. John's Wort (herb) (Hypericum perforatum) Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):
Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA. Stationary Phase Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates Mobile Phase ethyl acetate: Acetic acid: HCOOH: H2O [10/1.1/1.1/2.4] Sample Preparation Method 0.3 g + 3 ml 70% grain EtOH sonicated + heated @ 50° C ~ 1 hr Detection Method Natural Product Reagent + PEG -> UV 365 nm Reference see British Pharmacopoeia, 2003
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Supplementary Information
Sources
- ↑ MOBOT, Tropicos.org. http://www.tropicos.org/Image/61762
- ↑ Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
- ↑ WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, Vol.2, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1999
- ↑ WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, Vol.2, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1999
- ↑ Roy Upton, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/
- ↑ American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/
- ↑ American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/ companyimage4= AHPLogoWeb.jpg
- ↑ American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® http://www.herbal-ahp.org/
- ↑ WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, Vol.2, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1999
- ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.phytolab.com/en.html}
- ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
- ↑ Claudia Borst, PhytoLab
- ↑ Claudia Borst, PhytoLab
- ↑ Claudia Borst, PhytoLab http://www.phytolab.com/en.html http://www.phytolab.com/en.html
- ↑ Claudia Borst, PhytoLab http://www.phytolab.com/en.html
- ↑ Indena S.p.A. http://www.indena.com/
- ↑ HPTLC Association http://www.hptlc-association.org/
- ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
- Botanical
- Clusiaceae
- Media
- Voucher
- MOBOT, Tropicos.org.
- Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
- Macroscopy
- WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, Vol.2, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1999
- Roy Upton, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia®
- American Herbal Pharmacopoeia®
- Microscopy
- Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
- Claudia Borst, PhytoLab
- Claudia Borst, PhytoLab http://www.phytolab.com/en.html
- Indena S.p.A.
- HPTLC
- HPTLC Association