Piper methysticum (rhizome)

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Latest revision as of 15:26, 21 July 2015

AHPA recognizes other valuable resources exist regarding the identity of Piper methysticum.

To submit a suggestion or contribution, please contact Merle Zimmermann.

Contents

Nomenclature

Piper methysticum G. Forst.   Piperaceae  
Standardized common name (English): kava

Botanical Voucher Specimen

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Piper methysticum G.Forst. - Starr - v-069-00192274.jpg
Piper methysticum G.Forst.
Source: Images courtesy of the C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden[1]

Organoleptic Characteristics

Odor faint but characteristic; taste aromatic and pungent, slightly bitter, more or less local anaesthesia resulting.

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [2]

Macroscopic Characteristics

Piper methysticum is a shrub, several feet high, The plant has cordate, acuminate leaves and very short axillary spikes of flowers.

Rhizome occurs in whitish or light brownish-grey irregularly cuboid or roughly wedge-shaped fragments from which the peri-derm has been sliced off; from one to five centimetres thick. In transverse section, usually exhibiting a central dense pith, surrounded by a distinct ring of narrow, radiating, vascular bundles separated by relatively broad, paler, medullary rays.

Consisting of a large, irregular knotty crown, often 12 cm. or more in diameter, from which proceed numerous, long, cylindrical, tough, nearly simple roots, which tend to fray out into bare, separated fibro-vascular bundles; the crown soft, light, spongy, and granular and very starchy; externally dark-brown or blackish, the crown frequently partly scraped and light brown to light gray; internally white.

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [3]

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PlantaPhile - 1000.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[4]

PlantaPhile - 2586.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[5]

Microscopic Characteristics

The [powder], when examined under the microscope, exhibits numerous, simple, or two- to three-compound starch grains, the individual grains being up to 0.045 mm. in diameter, many with radial clefts or triangular fissures at the center; yellow resin and oil cells; narrow sclerenchymatous fibers with thin, strongly-lignified walls; tracheae with scalariform or reticulate markings, up to 0.15 mm. in width; few nearly isodiametric wood parenchyma from the remains of the stem.

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [6]

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification

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Piper methysticum HPTLC ID - Vanillin Sulfuric Acid UV 365 nm

Kava (rhizome) (Piper methysticum)

Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):

  1. 3 μL Kavain
  2. 3 μL Piper methysticum-1 (rhizome)
  3. 3 μL Piper methysticum-2 (rhizome)
  4. 3 μL Piper methysticum-3 (rhizome)
  5. 3 μL Piper methysticum-3 (rhizome)
  6. 3 μL Piper methysticum-4 (rhizome)
  7. 3 μL Piper methysticum-5 (rhizome)
  8. 3 μL Kavain

Reference materials used here have been authenticated by macroscopic, microscopic &/or TLC studies according to the reference source cited below held at Alkemists Laboratories, Costa Mesa, CA. 

Stationary Phase Silica gel 60, F254, 10 x 10 cm HPTLC plates 

Mobile Phase H2O: acetonitrile: CH3OH: AcCOOH: >Reverse Phase!!!! [4/3/3/0.01/] 

Sample Preparation Method 0.3g+3mL 70% grain EtOH sonicate/heat @ 50° C ~ 1/2 hr 

Detection Method Vanillin/H2SO4 Reagent -> 110° C 5 min -> UV 365 nm 

Reference see Plant Drug Analysis, Wagner, H., 1996


Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories [7]


HPTLC-assoc-Logo-farbig-Text-schwarz-300x47.png
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Kava (rhizome) HPTLC ID - Anisaldehyde reagent UV 366 nm

Kava (rhizome) (Piper methysticum)

Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample):

  1. 2 µL Kavain
  2. 2 µL Dehydrokavain
  3. 2 µL Methysticin
  4. 2 µL Dehydromethysticin
  5. 2 µL Yangonin
  6. 2 µL Desmethoxyyangonin
  7. 2 µL Kava rhizome 1
  8. 2 µL Kava capsules
  9. 2 µL Kava dry extract
  10. 2 µL Kava root paste
  11. 2 µL Kava acetone extract
  12. 2 µL Kava liquid extract
  13. 2 µL Kava rhizome 2
  14. 2 µL Kava rhizome 3
  15. 2 µL Kava rhizome 4
  16. 2 µL Kava liquid extract 

Reference Sample(s) Reference: Dissolve 1 mg of kavain in 2 mL of toluene. Dissolve 1 mg of desmethoxyyangonin in 2 mL of toluene. Optional: dissolve 1 mg of dihydrokavain, 1 mg of methysticin, 1 mg of dihydromethysticin, and 1 mg of yangonin each in 2 mL of toluene. 

Stationary Phase Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254, caffeine impregnated 

Mobile Phase tert-Butyl methyl ether, n-hexane 7:3 (v/v) 

Sample Preparation Method Sample: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 10 mL of methanol and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions.

Derivatization reagent: Anisaldehyde reagent; Preparation: 170 mL of ice-cooled methanol are mixed with 20 mL of acetic acid, 10 mL of sulfuric acid and 1 mL of anisaldehyde; Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 4 min. 

Detection Method Unsaturated chamber; developing distance 70 mm from lower edge; relative humidity 33% 

Other Notes Images presented in this entry are examples and are not intended to be used as basis for setting specifications for quality control purposes.

System suitability test (UV 366 nm): Kavain: reddish zone at Rf ~ 0.27; Desmethoxyyangonin: blue zone at Rf ~ 0.30

Identification: Compare result with reference images. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present. Under UV 366 nm the chromatogram of the test solution shows a green zone (grey zone under white RT) at Rf ~ 0.08, a red zone (purple zone under white RT) at Rf ~ 0.16, another green zone (grayish and weak zone under white RT) at Rf ~ 0.19, another red zone (red and intense zone under white RT) at Rf ~ 0.27 corresponding to reference substance kavain, just above it a faint blue zone at Rf ~ 0.30 corresponding to reference substance desmethoxyyangonin (yellow arrows), and a brown zone (green zone under white RT) at Rf ~ 0.35. Under white light there are several yellow and reddish zones in the upper part of the chromatogram.

Plate preparation: Dissolve 8 g of caffeine in 200 mL of dichloromethane. Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5) plate, dry at room temperature for 5 minutes, then heat at 80°C for 5 minutes.

Source: HPTLC Association [8]

Supplementary Information

Sources

  1. Images courtesy of the C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/VirtualHerbarium.asp
  2. United States Dispensatory (1918)
  3. United States Dispensatory (1918)
  4. PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  5. PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  6. United States Dispensatory (1918)
  7. Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  8. HPTLC Association http://www.hptlc-association.org/
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