Sambucus nigra (fruit)

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=Introduction=
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Sambucus nigra'' (fruit) }} {{askbox|herb=''Sambucus nigra''}}
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''Introduction from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambucus_nigra, retrieved 02/27/2012).''
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=Nomenclature=
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{{nomenclature | binomial=Sambucus nigra
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|authority=L.
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|family=Caprifoliaceae
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|scn=European elder
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|syn=
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|ayurvedic=
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|pinyin=
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|aka=black elder; European elder
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|notes=}}
  
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''Sambucus nigra'' is a species complex of elder native to most of Europe.
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=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
  
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It is most commonly called Elder, Elderberry, Black Elder, European Elder, European Elderberry, European Black Elderberry, Common Elder, or Elder Bush when distinction from other species of ''Sambucus'' is needed. It grows in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, primarily in sunny locations.
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{{Media2    |cat=Voucher
  
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It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 4–6 m (rarely to 10 m) tall. The bark, light grey when young, changes to a coarse grey outer bark with lengthwise furrowing. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, 10–30 cm long, pinnate with five to seven (rarely nine) leaflets, the leaflets 5–12 cm long and 3–5 cm broad, with a serrated margin.
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            | source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
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            | mainimage=Sambucus_nigra_Tropicos_71201_(S).jpg
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            | companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
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            | companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/71201
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            | reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 26 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/71201>
  
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The hermaphrodite flowers are borne in large corymbs 10–25 cm diameter in mid summer, the individual flowers white, 5–6 mm diameter, with five petals; they are pollinated by flies.
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            | source2=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
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            | image2=Sambucus_nigra_Tropicos_100000898_(S).jpg
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            | companyimage2=TropicosLogo.gif
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            | companyURL2=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100000898
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            | reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 26 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100000898>
  
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The fruit is a dark purple to black berry 3–5 mm diameter, produced in drooping clusters in the late autumn; they are an important food for many fruit-eating birds, notably Blackcaps.
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            | }}
  
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''The quoted text in this section was licensed for use under the Creative Commons ShareAlike License, version 3.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/''
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=Macroscopic Entries=
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=Organoleptic Characteristics=
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=Microscopic Entries=
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{| border=1
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{{Request | source=Information Request
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|
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             | description=Elderberry (fruit) (''Sambucus nigra'')
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{{Organolepsy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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              }}
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| description=The berries are nearly inodorous, but have a sweetish, acidulous taste, dependent on the presence of saccharine matter and malic acid.}}
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=HPTLC Entries=
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|}
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=Other Points of Interest=
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=Macroscopic Characteristics=
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{| border=1
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|
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{{Macroscopy | source=American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930)
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| description=[American] Elder [''Sambucus canadensis''] is a shrub attaining a height of 6 to 10 feet, its light gray, numerous stems being generally smooth and the younger ones containing a large white pith.  The leaves are large and consist of 5 to 11 leaflets about 2 to 5 inches in length borne on short stalks.  About June or July the flat-topped, fragrant clusters appear, composed of numerous, 5-lobed, wheel-shaped, creamy-white flowers.  The clusters of edible fruits which follow are black or a very dark purple, small, round, shining, and juicy.
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}}
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{{Macroscopy | source=United States Dispensatory (1918)
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| description=''Sambucus canadensis'', [American elder,] is a shrub from six to ten feet high, with a branching stem, covered with a rough gray bark, and containing a large spongy pith. The small branches and leaf-stalks are very smooth. The leaves are opposite, pinnate, sometimes bipinnate, and composed usually of five to nine oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth, shining, deep-green leaflets; the veins of the under surface are somewhat pubescent. The flowers are small, white, and disposed in loose cymes; the cream-colored corolla is wheel-shaped, with five stamens on the tube. The berries are small, globular, and deep purple when ripe. The shrubs grow in low, moist grounds, along fences, and on the borders of small streams, throughout the United States, from Canada to the Carolinas, and westward as far as Arizona and Texas. It flowers from May to July, and ripens its fruit early in autumn.
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The common elder, ''Sambucus nigra'', of Europe, differs from the American most obviously in its size, the former approaching in height that of a small tree. The stem is much branched towards the top, and has a rough whitish bark. The leaves are narrower. The flowers are small, whitish and in five-parted cymes. The ovary consists of but three carpels, there being five cells in ''S. canadensis'' L. The berries are larger in the European elder, globular, and blackish-purple when ripe. }}
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|}
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=Microscopic Characteristics=
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{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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             | companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
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            | mainimage=Elderberry.jpg
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            | caption1=Sclerenchyma fibers showing criss-crossed pattern observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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            | companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
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            | image2=Elderberry-1.jpg
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            | caption2=Scattered oil droplets observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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            | characteristics=cellular structures identified in this botanical specimen are the sclerenchyma fibers showing criss-crossed pattern and the scattered oil droplets when observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
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            | reference=Botanical Pen-Portraits, Moll, W., 1923
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            | }}
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=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
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=Supplementary Information=
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=Sources=
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<references />

Latest revision as of 14:41, 24 June 2015

AHPA recognizes other valuable resources exist regarding the identity of Sambucus nigra.

To submit a suggestion or contribution, please contact Merle Zimmermann.

Contents

Nomenclature

Sambucus nigra L.   Caprifoliaceae  
Standardized common name (English): European elder

Botanical Voucher Specimen

bottomright bottomright

Sambucus nigra Tropicos 71201 (S).jpg
Source: MOBOT, Tropicos.org[1]

Sambucus nigra Tropicos 100000898 (S).jpg
Source: MOBOT, Tropicos.org[2]


Organoleptic Characteristics

The berries are nearly inodorous, but have a sweetish, acidulous taste, dependent on the presence of saccharine matter and malic acid.

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [3]

Macroscopic Characteristics

[American] Elder [Sambucus canadensis] is a shrub attaining a height of 6 to 10 feet, its light gray, numerous stems being generally smooth and the younger ones containing a large white pith. The leaves are large and consist of 5 to 11 leaflets about 2 to 5 inches in length borne on short stalks. About June or July the flat-topped, fragrant clusters appear, composed of numerous, 5-lobed, wheel-shaped, creamy-white flowers. The clusters of edible fruits which follow are black or a very dark purple, small, round, shining, and juicy.

Source: American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930) [4]
Sambucus canadensis, [American elder,] is a shrub from six to ten feet high, with a branching stem, covered with a rough gray bark, and containing a large spongy pith. The small branches and leaf-stalks are very smooth. The leaves are opposite, pinnate, sometimes bipinnate, and composed usually of five to nine oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth, shining, deep-green leaflets; the veins of the under surface are somewhat pubescent. The flowers are small, white, and disposed in loose cymes; the cream-colored corolla is wheel-shaped, with five stamens on the tube. The berries are small, globular, and deep purple when ripe. The shrubs grow in low, moist grounds, along fences, and on the borders of small streams, throughout the United States, from Canada to the Carolinas, and westward as far as Arizona and Texas. It flowers from May to July, and ripens its fruit early in autumn.

The common elder, Sambucus nigra, of Europe, differs from the American most obviously in its size, the former approaching in height that of a small tree. The stem is much branched towards the top, and has a rough whitish bark. The leaves are narrower. The flowers are small, whitish and in five-parted cymes. The ovary consists of but three carpels, there being five cells in S. canadensis L. The berries are larger in the European elder, globular, and blackish-purple when ripe.

Source: United States Dispensatory (1918) [5]

Microscopic Characteristics

bottomright bottomright

Elderberry.jpg
Sclerenchyma fibers showing criss-crossed pattern observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[6]

Elderberry-1.jpg
Scattered oil droplets observed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Glycerol Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[7]


High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification

Supplementary Information

Sources

  1. ↑ MOBOT, Tropicos.org http://www.tropicos.org/Image/71201
  2. ↑ MOBOT, Tropicos.org http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100000898
  3. ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
  4. ↑ American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance (1930)
  5. ↑ United States Dispensatory (1918)
  6. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  7. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
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