Cinnamomum verum (bark)

From AHPA Botanical Identity References Compendium
(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
(add Culbreth ref for macro, micro)
 
(12 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
=Introduction=
+
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Cinnamomum verum'' (bark) }} {{askbox|herb=''Cinnamomum verum''}}
 +
=Nomenclature=
 +
{{nomenclature | binomial=Cinnamomum verum
 +
|authority=J. Presl
 +
|family=Lauraceae
 +
|scn=cinnamon
 +
|syn=
 +
|ayurvedic=tvak
 +
|pinyin=
 +
|aka=Ceylon cinnamon; true cinnamon
 +
|notes=}}
  
−
''Introduction from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_verum, retrieved 02/23/2012).''
+
=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
 +
{{Media3    |cat=Voucher
 +
           
 +
            | source=MOBOT, Tropicos.org
 +
            | mainimage=Cinnamomum verum Tropicos 100003409.jpg
 +
            | companyimage=TropicosLogo.gif
 +
            | companyURL=http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100003409
 +
            | reference=Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 19 Mar 2014 <http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100003409>
 +
   
 +
            | source2=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
 +
            | image2=Cinnamomum verum AW17807JD1 A0075.jpg
 +
            | companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
 +
            | companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
 +
       
 +
| companyimage3=Kewlogo.gif
 +
| companyURL3=http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000350931
 +
| image3=Cinnamomum_verum_Kew_imageBarcode=K000350931_44160.jpg
 +
| source3=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.  
  
−
''Cinnamomum verum'', called "true cinnamon", Ceylon cinnamon or Sri Lanka cinnamon. ''C. verum'' is a small evergreen tree belonging to the family Lauraceae, native to Sri Lanka. Among other species, its inner bark is used to make cinnamon.
+
   
 +
            | }}
  
−
The old botanical synonym for the tree—''Cinnamomum zeylanicum''—is derived from Sri Lanka's former name, Ceylon.
+
=Organoleptic Characteristics=
 +
{| border=1
 +
|
 +
{{Macroscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
 +
|description=&nbsp;
 +
            | color=Rather light cinnamon brown (reddish brown).
 +
            | flavor=Sweet, pungent, slightly astringent.
 +
            | scent=Delicately fragrant and aromatic.}}
 +
{{Macroscopy | source=Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed.
 +
|description=&nbsp;
 +
            | flavor=Sweetish, warmly aromatic.
 +
            | scent=Agreeably aromatic.}}
 +
|}
 +
=Macroscopic Characteristics=
 +
{| border=1
 +
|
 +
{{Macroscopy | source=Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed.
 +
| description='''Plants:''' Handsome evergreen trees, 6-9 M. (20-30°) high, truck .3-.5 M. (12-18') thick, young twigs slightly quadrangular; leaves coriaceous, 3-5-nerved, but only midrib reaches apex, bright glossy-green above, glaucous beneath, 10-20 Cm. (4-8') long; flowers Jan.-March, small, hermaphrodite or polygamous, fleshy, black, ovoid, size of small olive, adhering, like acorn, to cup-shaped perianth.
  
−
''Cinnamomum verum'' trees are 10–15 meters (32.8–49.2 feet) tall. The leaves are ovate-oblong in shape, 7–18 cm (2.75–7.1 inches) long. The flowers, which are arranged in panicles, have a greenish color, and have a distinct odor. The fruit is a purple 1-cm berry containing a single seed.
+
'''Bark:''' (''C. zeylanicum''): ''Ceylon'' [Syn. ''Cinnamomum (acutum) verum''], in closely rolled double quills of 7-12 thin layers of separate pieces of bark, 30-50 Cm. (12-20') long, 8-13 Mm. (1/3-1/2') broad, bark 1 Mm. (1/25') thick, pale yellowish-brown, smooth, longitudinally striate with narrow groups of bast-fibres and brownish patches, occasional perforations marking the nodes, inner surface light brown, with faint longitudinal striations; fracture short with projecting bast-fibres.
 +
}}
 +
{{ Media2    | cat=Macroscopy
 +
            | source=PlantaPhile
 +
            | mainimage=PlantaPhile - 899.jpg
 +
            | companyimage=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
 +
            | companyURL=http://plantaphile.com/
  
−
''The quoted text in this section was licensed for use under the Creative Commons ShareAlike License, version 3.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/''
+
            | source2=PlantaPhile
−
 
+
             | image2=PlantaPhile - 259.jpg
−
=Macroscopic Entries=
+
             | companyimage2=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
−
 
+
             | companyURL2=http://plantaphile.com/
−
{{Macroscopy | source=Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories
+
−
             | mainimage=Cinnamomum verum AW17807JD1 A0075.jpg
+
−
             | companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
+
−
             | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
+
−
            | caption1=''Cinnamomum verum'' - Botanical Voucher Specimen - Alkemists Laboratories
+
−
            | description=Cinnamon (''Cinnamon verum'') Botanical Voucher Specimen
+
 
             | }}
 
             | }}
−
 
+
|}
−
=Microscopic Entries=
+
=Microscopic Characteristics=
 +
{| border=1
 +
|
 
{{Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
 
{{Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
−
            | mainimage=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_google_ver_cinnamon_verum.png
 
−
            | caption1=Ceylon Cinnamon (powdered bark) (''Cinnamomum verum'') / (''Cinnamomum zeylanicum'' Nees)
 
−
            | description=Ceylon Cinnamon (bark) (''Cinnamomum verum'') / (''Cinnamomum zeylanicum'' Nees)
 
−
            | image2=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_google_ver_cinnamon_cassia.png
 
−
            | caption2=Compare to ''[[Cinnamomum_aromaticum_(bark)|Cinnamon aromaticum]]''.
 
−
            | image3=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_google_ver_cinnamon_loureiroi.png
 
−
            | caption3=Compare to ''[[Cinnamomum_loureiroi_(bark)|Cinnamon loureiroi]]''.
 
−
            | color=Rather light cinnamon brown (reddish brown).
 
−
            | flavor=Sweet, pungent, slightly astringent.
 
−
            | scent=Delicately fragrant and aromatic.
 
 
             | characteristics=Histology much like that of ''[[Cinnamomum_aromaticum_(bark)|Cassia Cinnamon]]''; bast cells are more abundant and the cells of the outer cork wanting; starch less abundant.  It is possible to distinguish this cinnamon from the other two by the larger sclerenchyma cells and absence of outer cork and epidermal tissues.
 
             | characteristics=Histology much like that of ''[[Cinnamomum_aromaticum_(bark)|Cassia Cinnamon]]''; bast cells are more abundant and the cells of the outer cork wanting; starch less abundant.  It is possible to distinguish this cinnamon from the other two by the larger sclerenchyma cells and absence of outer cork and epidermal tissues.
 
             | ash=Ash 4 per cent.
 
             | ash=Ash 4 per cent.
 
             | adulterants=Adulterations as for Cassia cinnamon; inferior cassia barks, clove bark, flour, inert vegetable substances.
 
             | adulterants=Adulterations as for Cassia cinnamon; inferior cassia barks, clove bark, flour, inert vegetable substances.
 
             | }}
 
             | }}
 +
{{Microscopy | source=Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed.
 +
| description=Powder, yellowish-brown; microscopically--numerous starch grains, 0.003-.02 Mm. (1/8325-1/1250') broad, colorless stone cells, numerous cellular reddish-brown fragments, calcium oxalate raphides; ''Saigon'' has many cork cells, ''Ceylon'' [Ed-Syn. ''verum'' in text] few or none, while bast-fibres of former are in groups of 2-20, of latter single and fusiform.
 +
            | adulterants=Bark: 1, ''Cassia'' bark, and a closely resembling bark of unknown derivation, having lighter gray color and coarser structure identified by weak odor and taste; possibly unscraped ''Guava'' bark quills, and clove bark; 2, Scarcely possible in the entire state; Powder: That of either variety not found on the market, all so labeled being cassia, which is subject to endless admixtures--chips, siftings, buds, walnut-shells, oil stone, flour, sand, beans, grains, starch, clove buds--exhausted drug, by percolation, distillation; ash (sometimes) 8-10 p. c.; Oil: That distilled from flowers and roots, phenol, oil of clove, petroleum, colophony, lead.
 +
}}
  
−
{{Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
+
{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy | source=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
 +
|companyimage=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
 +
            | companyURL=http://www.alkemist.com
 +
| source2=Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
 +
|companyimage2=AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
 +
            | companyURL2=http://www.alkemist.com
 
             | mainimage=Cinnamon 1.jpg
 
             | mainimage=Cinnamon 1.jpg
 
             | caption1=Thick walled fiber when observed at 400X with Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.
 
             | caption1=Thick walled fiber when observed at 400X with Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.
Line 46: Line 92:
 
| reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2003
 
| reference=British Pharmacopoeia, 2003
 
             | }}
 
             | }}
−
=HPTLC Entries=
+
{{Media3 |cat=Microscopy | source=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
 +
| source2=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
 +
| source3=Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
 +
            | mainimage=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_google_ver_cinnamon_verum.png
 +
            | caption1=Ceylon Cinnamon (powdered bark) (''Cinnamomum verum'') / (''Cinnamomum zeylanicum'' Nees)
 +
            | description=Ceylon Cinnamon (bark) (''Cinnamomum verum'') / (''Cinnamomum zeylanicum'' Nees)
 +
            | image2=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_google_ver_cinnamon_cassia.png
 +
            | caption2=Compare to ''[[Cinnamomum_aromaticum_(bark)|Cinnamon aromaticum]]''.
 +
            | image3=Microanalysis_powdered_vegetable_google_ver_cinnamon_loureiroi.png
 +
            | caption3=Compare to ''[[Cinnamomum_loureiroi_(bark)|Cinnamon loureiroi]]''.}}
 +
|}
 +
=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
 +
 
 +
=Supplementary Information=
 +
=Sources=
  
−
=Other Points of Interest=
+
<references />

Latest revision as of 16:42, 2 June 2015

AHPA recognizes other valuable resources exist regarding the identity of Cinnamomum verum.

To submit a suggestion or contribution, please contact Merle Zimmermann.

Contents

Nomenclature

Cinnamomum verum J. Presl   Lauraceae  
Standardized common name (English): cinnamon  
Ayurvedic name(s): tvak

Botanical Voucher Specimen

bottomright bottomright bottomright

Cinnamomum verum Tropicos 100003409.jpg
Source: MOBOT, Tropicos.org[1]

Cinnamomum verum AW17807JD1 A0075.jpg
Source: Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories[2]

Cinnamomum verum Kew imageBarcode=K000350931 44160.jpg
Source: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.[3]

Organoleptic Characteristics

  

Color Rather light cinnamon brown (reddish brown). 

Scent Delicately fragrant and aromatic. 

Flavor Sweet, pungent, slightly astringent.

Source: Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed. [4]
  

Scent Agreeably aromatic. 

Flavor Sweetish, warmly aromatic.

Source: Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed. [5]

Macroscopic Characteristics

Plants: Handsome evergreen trees, 6-9 M. (20-30°) high, truck .3-.5 M. (12-18') thick, young twigs slightly quadrangular; leaves coriaceous, 3-5-nerved, but only midrib reaches apex, bright glossy-green above, glaucous beneath, 10-20 Cm. (4-8') long; flowers Jan.-March, small, hermaphrodite or polygamous, fleshy, black, ovoid, size of small olive, adhering, like acorn, to cup-shaped perianth.

Bark: (C. zeylanicum): Ceylon [Syn. Cinnamomum (acutum) verum], in closely rolled double quills of 7-12 thin layers of separate pieces of bark, 30-50 Cm. (12-20') long, 8-13 Mm. (1/3-1/2') broad, bark 1 Mm. (1/25') thick, pale yellowish-brown, smooth, longitudinally striate with narrow groups of bast-fibres and brownish patches, occasional perforations marking the nodes, inner surface light brown, with faint longitudinal striations; fracture short with projecting bast-fibres.

Source: Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed. [6]
bottomright bottomright

PlantaPhile - 899.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[7]

PlantaPhile - 259.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[8]

Microscopic Characteristics

Histology much like that of Cassia Cinnamon; bast cells are more abundant and the cells of the outer cork wanting; starch less abundant. It is possible to distinguish this cinnamon from the other two by the larger sclerenchyma cells and absence of outer cork and epidermal tissues.

Source: Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed. [9]


Powder, yellowish-brown; microscopically--numerous starch grains, 0.003-.02 Mm. (1/8325-1/1250') broad, colorless stone cells, numerous cellular reddish-brown fragments, calcium oxalate raphides; Saigon has many cork cells, Ceylon [Ed-Syn. verum in text] few or none, while bast-fibres of former are in groups of 2-20, of latter single and fusiform.

Source: Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed. [10]


bottomright bottomright

Cinnamon 1.jpg
Thick walled fiber when observed at 400X with Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[11]

Cinnamon 2.jpg
Large resin cells showing dark red contents observed at 400X with Acidified chloral Hydrate Soln.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[12]

Microanalysis powdered vegetable google ver cinnamon verum.png
Ceylon Cinnamon (powdered bark) (Cinnamomum verum) / (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees)
Source: Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.[13]

Microanalysis powdered vegetable google ver cinnamon cassia.png
Compare to Cinnamon aromaticum.
Source: Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.[14]

Microanalysis powdered vegetable google ver cinnamon loureiroi.png
Compare to Cinnamon loureiroi.
Source: Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.[15]

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification

Supplementary Information

Sources

  1. ↑ MOBOT, Tropicos.org http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100003409
  2. ↑ Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  3. ↑ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://specimens.kew.org/herbarium/K000350931
  4. ↑ Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
  5. ↑ Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed.
  6. ↑ Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed.
  7. ↑ PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  8. ↑ PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  9. ↑ Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
  10. ↑ Culbreth, D. (1917) A Manual of Materia Media and Pharmacology, 6th ed.
  11. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  12. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  13. ↑ Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
  14. ↑ Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
  15. ↑ Schneider, A. (1921) The Microanalysis of Powdered Vegetable Drugs, 2nd ed.
Retrieved from "http://www.botanicalauthentication.org/index.php?title=Cinnamomum_verum_(bark)&oldid=6996"
Personal tools
MediaWiki Appliance - Powered by TurnKey Linux