Eleutherococcus senticosus (root bark)

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=Introduction=
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' (root bark)}} {{askbox|herb=''Eleutherococcus senticosus''}}
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=Nomenclature=
  
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''Introduction from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleutherococcus_senticosus, retrieved 02/27/2012).''
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{{nomenclature | binomial=Eleutherococcus senticosus
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|authority=(Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.
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|family=Araliaceae
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|scn=eleuthero
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|syn=''Acanthopanax senticosus'' (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms
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|ayurvedic=
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|pinyin=ci wu jia (root & rhizome)
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|aka=Siberian ginseng; Ussurian thorny pepperbush
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|notes= }}
  
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''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' (formerly ''Acanthopanax senticosus'') is a species of small, woody shrub in the family Araliaceae native to Northeastern Asia. It is often colloquially referred to as Siberian Ginseng, eleuthero or Ciwujia, and is sometimes shortened to ''E. senticosus'' in medical literature. ''E. senticosus'' has been studied as an adaptogen, and has a history of use in Chinese medicine, where it is known as ''cì wǔ jiā'' (刺五加).
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=Botanical Voucher Specimen=
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{{Media |cat=Voucher|companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com
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|mainimage= Eleutherococcus senticosus NF19505JD A0432.jpg
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          |source= Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories }}
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=Organoleptic Characteristics=
  
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The herb grows in mixed and coniferous mountain forests, forming low undergrowth or is found in groups in thickets and edges. ''E. senticosus'' is sometimes found in oak groves at the foot of cliffs, very rarely in high forest riparian woodland. Its native habitat is East Asia, China, Japan, and Russia. ''E. senticosus'' is broadly tolerant of soils, growing in sandy, loamy, and heavy clay soils with acid, neutral, or alkaline chemistry and including soils of low nutritional value. It can tolerate sun or dappled shade and some degree of pollution. ''E. senticosus'' is a deciduous shrub growing to 2m at a slow rate. It is hardy to zone 3. It flowers in July in most habitats. The flowers are hermaphroditic and are pollinated by insects.
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=Macroscopic Characteristics=
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{{ Media2    | cat=Macroscopy
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            | source=PlantaPhile
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            | mainimage=PlantaPhile - 2702.jpg
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            | companyimage=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
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            | companyURL=http://plantaphile.com/
  
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''The quoted text in this section was licensed for use under the Creative Commons ShareAlike License, version 3.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/''
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            | source2=PlantaPhile
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            | image2=PlantaPhile - 2591.jpg
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            | companyimage2=PlantaPhile logo.jpg
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            | companyURL2=http://plantaphile.com/
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            | }}
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=Microscopic Characteristics=
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{{Media2 |cat=Microscopy |companyimage= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | companyURL= http://www.alkemist.com
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|mainimage= Eleutherococcus_senticosus_(Rupr._&_Maxim.)_-Araliaceae-_thick-walled_lignified_fiber.jpg
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| caption1=Thick-walled lignified fiber of ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' root viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
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          |source= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories
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|image2= Eleutherococcus_senticosus_(Rupr._&_Maxim.)_-Araliaceae-_Large_rosettes_of_Calcium_Oxalate.jpg
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          |caption2= Large rosettes viewed at 400x under polarized light with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
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|companyimage2= AP-LOGO-Laboratories Crop - Copy.jpg
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            | companyURL2= http://www.alkemist.com
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          |source2= Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories }}
  
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=Macroscopic Entries=
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=High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification=
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{{HPTLC | source=AHPA Practical, CAMAG HPTLC
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            | companyimage=Camag_logo.png
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            | companyURL=http://www.camag.com/
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            | mainimage=Camag-eleuthero-1-d-uv254.png
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            | caption1=Eleuthero HPTLC ID - Developed, UV 254 nm
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            | description=Eleuthero  (root) (''Eleutherococcus senticosus'')
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            | image2=Camag-eleuthero-1-H2SO4-whiteRT.png
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            | caption2=Eleuthero HPTLC ID - Sulfuric Acid Reagent, white RT
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            |
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            | stationaryphase=Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254
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            | mobilephase=Chloroform, methanol, water 70:30:4 (v/v/v)
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            | prep=Sample: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 5 mL of ethanol-water
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(1:1) and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter
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the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test
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solutions
  
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=Microscopic Entries=
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Sulfuric Acid Reagent: Preparation: 20 mL of sulfuric acid are mixed with 180 mL
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of ice-cooled methanol
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            | detection=UV/Vis, Sulfuric Acid Reagent Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 5 min
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            | referencesamples=Reference: Dissolve 1 mg of eleutheroside B and 1 mg of
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eleutheroside E individually in 1.5 mL of ethanol-water
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(1:1).
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            | lanes=Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample): (2 μL of references, 10 μL of test solutions)
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# 2 μL Eleutheroside E
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# 2 μL Eleutheroside B
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# 10 μL Eleuthero extract 1
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# 10 μL Eleuthero extract 2
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# 10 μL Eleuthero root
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# 5 μL ''Periploca sepium'' root
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            | notes=System suitability test: After derivatization the fingerprint of the test solution shows a zone corresponding to eleutheroside
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B and another zone directly below. These two zones appear as two distinct bands, compare lane 2 with lanes 3, 4 and lane 1 with corresponding feature in 3, 4.  An arrow marking the distinct bands appears in the illustration in ''further methodology'', below.
  
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Identification: Compare result under UV 254 nm and white RT with reference images in Image Comparison
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Viewer. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference
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sample. Additional weak zones may be present.
  
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{{Request | source=Information Request
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Eleuthero: The chromatogram of the test solution shows bands corresponding to
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            | description=Eleuthero (root bark) (''Eleutherococcus senticosus'')
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eleutherosides E (Rf 0.34) and B (Rf 0.45), and two very strong bands near
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              }}
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the application zone. Additional brownish-purple zones are seen between
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eleutheroside E and the solvent front.
  
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=HPTLC Entries=
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''Periploca sepium'' Adulteration: No band corresponding to eleutheroside B is seen, but strong brown bands
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at Rf=0.53 and Rf=0.28 are detected.
  
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=Other Points of Interest=
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Further methodology available here, in [http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/pdfs/Eleuthero_ID_Method.pdf Identification method of ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' by HPTLC].
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            | }}
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=Supplementary Information=
  
 
{{Botanical  | source=AHPA Known Adulterants
 
{{Botanical  | source=AHPA Known Adulterants
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          | companyimage=AHPA Logo.gif
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          | companyURL=http://www.ahpa.org/
 
             | description=Eleuthero (root bark) (''Eleutherococcus senticosus'')
 
             | description=Eleuthero (root bark) (''Eleutherococcus senticosus'')
 
             | characteristics=AHPA recommends in its [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=223#section_known_adulterants Known Adulterants list] that appropriate steps be taken to assure that this raw material is free of the noted adulterant.  [mailto:ahpa@ahpa.org Contact AHPA] for additional information regarding relevant analytical methods or follow [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=242 this link] for more information.
 
             | characteristics=AHPA recommends in its [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=223#section_known_adulterants Known Adulterants list] that appropriate steps be taken to assure that this raw material is free of the noted adulterant.  [mailto:ahpa@ahpa.org Contact AHPA] for additional information regarding relevant analytical methods or follow [http://www.ahpa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=242 this link] for more information.
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               }}
 
               }}
  
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==AHPA Practical: Identification and Quality Control of Eleuthero (''Eleutherococcus senticosus'') root==
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==AHPA Practical: Identification and Quality Control of Eleuthero (root) (''Eleutherococcus senticosus'')==
 
[[Category:AHPA Practicals]]
 
[[Category:AHPA Practicals]]
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[[File:AHPA Logo.gif|right|150x75px|link=http://www.ahpa.org/]]
 
===Introduction===
 
===Introduction===
  
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Neonatal androgenization was associated with the ingestion of a product during pregnancy, which was labeled as containing Siberian ginseng (1). The image on the product was of an actual ginseng plant (Panax spp.) not ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' (formerly sometimes referred to as Siberian ginseng) and analysis of the product indicated that neither eleuthero nor ginseng compounds were present, but that Chinese silk vine (''Periploca sepium'') was (2).
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Neonatal androgenization was associated with the ingestion of a product during pregnancy, which was labeled as containing Siberian ginseng (1). The image on the product was of an actual ginseng plant (''Panax spp.'') not ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' (formerly sometimes referred to as Siberian ginseng) and analysis of the product indicated that neither eleuthero nor ginseng compounds were present, but that Chinese silk vine (''Periploca sepium'') was (2).
  
 
===Methods of Analysis===
 
===Methods of Analysis===
  
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====HPLC Method====
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[[Category:HPLC]]
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15688958?ordinalpos=59&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Quality control of roots of ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' by HPLC]
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15688958?ordinalpos=59&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Quality control of roots of ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' by HPLC]
  
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[http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/pdfs/Eleuthero_ID_Method.pdf Identification method of ''Eleuthero senticosus'' by HPTLC]
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====HPTLC Method====
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[[Category:HPTLC]]
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[http://www.ahpa.org/portals/0/pdfs/Eleuthero_ID_Method.pdf Identification method of ''Eleutherococcus senticosus'' by HPTLC]
  
 
===References===
 
===References===
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[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1564770 Waller DP et al. Lack of androgenicity of Siberian ginseng. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 265:1826.]
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1564770 Waller DP et al. Lack of androgenicity of Siberian ginseng. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 265:1826.]
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=Sources=
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<references />

Latest revision as of 16:54, 8 December 2015

AHPA recognizes other valuable resources exist regarding the identity of Eleutherococcus senticosus.

To submit a suggestion or contribution, please contact Merle Zimmermann.

Contents

Nomenclature

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim.   Araliaceae  
Syn. Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Harms  
Standardized common name (English): eleuthero  
Pinyin name(s): ci wu jia (root & rhizome)

Botanical Voucher Specimen

bottomright

Eleutherococcus senticosus NF19505JD A0432.jpg
Source: Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories[1]

Organoleptic Characteristics

Macroscopic Characteristics

bottomright bottomright

PlantaPhile - 2702.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[2]

PlantaPhile - 2591.jpg
Source: PlantaPhile[3]

Microscopic Characteristics

bottomright bottomright

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) -Araliaceae- thick-walled lignified fiber.jpg
Thick-walled lignified fiber of Eleutherococcus senticosus root viewed at 400x with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[4]

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) -Araliaceae- Large rosettes of Calcium Oxalate.jpg
Large rosettes viewed at 400x under polarized light with Acidified Chloral Hydrate Solution.
Source: Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories[5]

High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Identification

Camag logo.png
(thumbnail)
Eleuthero HPTLC ID - Developed, UV 254 nm

Eleuthero (root) (Eleutherococcus senticosus)

Lane Assignments Lanes, from left to right (Track, Volume, Sample): (2 μL of references, 10 μL of test solutions)

  1. 2 μL Eleutheroside E
  2. 2 μL Eleutheroside B
  3. 10 μL Eleuthero extract 1
  4. 10 μL Eleuthero extract 2
  5. 10 μL Eleuthero root
  6. 5 μL Periploca sepium root 

Reference Sample(s) Reference: Dissolve 1 mg of eleutheroside B and 1 mg of eleutheroside E individually in 1.5 mL of ethanol-water (1:1). 

Stationary Phase Stationary phase, i.e. Silica gel 60, F254 

Mobile Phase Chloroform, methanol, water 70:30:4 (v/v/v) 

Sample Preparation Method Sample: Mix 1 g of powdered sample with 5 mL of ethanol-water (1:1) and sonicate for 10 minutes, then centrifuge or filter the solutions and use the supernatants / filtrates as test solutions

Sulfuric Acid Reagent: Preparation: 20 mL of sulfuric acid are mixed with 180 mL of ice-cooled methanol 

Detection Method UV/Vis, Sulfuric Acid Reagent Use: Dip (time 0, speed 5), heat at 100°C for 5 min 

Other Notes System suitability test: After derivatization the fingerprint of the test solution shows a zone corresponding to eleutheroside B and another zone directly below. These two zones appear as two distinct bands, compare lane 2 with lanes 3, 4 and lane 1 with corresponding feature in 3, 4. An arrow marking the distinct bands appears in the illustration in further methodology, below.

Identification: Compare result under UV 254 nm and white RT with reference images in Image Comparison Viewer. The fingerprint of the test solution is similar to that of the corresponding botanical reference sample. Additional weak zones may be present.

Eleuthero: The chromatogram of the test solution shows bands corresponding to eleutherosides E (Rf 0.34) and B (Rf 0.45), and two very strong bands near the application zone. Additional brownish-purple zones are seen between eleutheroside E and the solvent front.

Periploca sepium Adulteration: No band corresponding to eleutheroside B is seen, but strong brown bands at Rf=0.53 and Rf=0.28 are detected.

Further methodology available here, in Identification method of Eleutherococcus senticosus by HPTLC.

  • (thumbnail)

    Eleuthero HPTLC ID - Developed, UV 254 nm

  • (thumbnail)

    Eleuthero HPTLC ID - Sulfuric Acid Reagent, white RT

Source: AHPA Practical, CAMAG HPTLC [6]

Supplementary Information

AHPA Logo.gif

Eleuthero (root bark) (Eleutherococcus senticosus) 

General Characteristics AHPA recommends in its Known Adulterants list that appropriate steps be taken to assure that this raw material is free of the noted adulterant. Contact AHPA for additional information regarding relevant analytical methods or follow this link for more information. 

Reported Adulterants Periploca sepium root.

Source: AHPA Known Adulterants [7]

AHPA Practical: Identification and Quality Control of Eleuthero (root) (Eleutherococcus senticosus)

AHPA Logo.gif

Introduction

Neonatal androgenization was associated with the ingestion of a product during pregnancy, which was labeled as containing Siberian ginseng (1). The image on the product was of an actual ginseng plant (Panax spp.) not Eleutherococcus senticosus (formerly sometimes referred to as Siberian ginseng) and analysis of the product indicated that neither eleuthero nor ginseng compounds were present, but that Chinese silk vine (Periploca sepium) was (2).

Methods of Analysis

HPLC Method

Quality control of roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus by HPLC

HPTLC Method

Identification method of Eleutherococcus senticosus by HPTLC

References

  1. Koren G et al. Maternal ginseng use associated with neonatal androgenization. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1990, 264:1866.
  2. Awang DV. Maternal use of ginseng and neonatal androgenization. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 264:2865.

Additional Information

Awang D. Siberian ginseng toxicity may be case of mistaken identity. CMAJ. 1996 Nov 1;155(9):1237.

Waller DP et al. Lack of androgenicity of Siberian ginseng. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 265:1826.

Sources

  1. ↑ Botanical Voucher Specimen Library, Alkemists Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  2. ↑ PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  3. ↑ PlantaPhile http://plantaphile.com/
  4. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  5. ↑ Elan M. Sudberg, Alkemist Laboratories http://www.alkemist.com
  6. ↑ AHPA Practical, CAMAG HPTLC http://www.camag.com/
  7. ↑ AHPA Known Adulterants http://www.ahpa.org/
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